A Concise History of the Middle East

Index 553

Rice, Condoleezza, 440
Richard the Lion-hearted, 101
Ridda, 54,57
Rights. See Human rights
Riyadh, 234, 243,244, 247, 360,427
Road Map to peace, 440
Rogers Peace Plan, 341-342, 343, 344, 346
Roman Empire, 15,17-18
Christianity under, 18
cultural tolerance in, 18
fall of, 15
as Persia rival, 20-21
tax burden of, 18
Romania, 162,176,180
Rome and Jerusalem (Hess), 274
Rommel, General, 263
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 3,247, 263
Ross, Dennis, 440
Rothschild, Lord, 216
Rub' al-Khali, 243
Rukh, 5
Rum, 18,97. See also Rum Seljuks;
Seljuk Empire
Rum Seljuks, 102,138
Seljuk Empire and, 97
Rushdi, Husayn, 252,256
Rusk, Dean, 337
Russia, 136,161,213. See also Soviet Union
Bolsheviks, Revolution and, 223
Britain and, 165
czarist, 161-163
Persia and, 236-238
1905 revolution of, 276
Russo-Turkish War, 162,196

Saba, 25

irrigation of, 25

Sabah family, 399,400

Sabah, Shaykh Jabir Al Ahmad Al, 400

Sabah, Shaykh Mubarak Al, 399

al-Sadat, Anwar, 329, 343, 344, 347-350,

352, 356-357, 358, 362, 363, 364,

365, 368,377, 384, 385, 387

assassination of, 358, 385-386

Begin and, 358, 362-365

Palestinians and, 358, 363

Saddam Husayn, 131, 340, 382,383,

403-405,432,433,437

Sa'di, 136

Safavid dynasty, 126,129,144,146,

152-155. See also Persia

decline of, 155

Persia under, 152-153

rise of, 153

zenith of, 154-155

Saffarids, 82. See also Safavid dynasty

Said, 166,188,190

Salah al-Din, 100,101,130

Salat, 47

Salih, Ali Abdallah, 417

Salonika, 196,233

Samarqand, 74,137,163

Samuel, Herbert, 281,283

San Remo agreements, 218, 279, 300

San Stefano (treaty), 163

Saracens, 98

Sarajevo, 164

Sasanid academy, 82

Sasanid dynasty, 20,22map, 27, 55,80, 81

Byzantine Empire and, 26, 56

collapse of, 57

Satan, 44

Sa'ud (Saudi Arabia king), 170,242,243,

244, 245

Sa'ud family, 219,242,243, 244

Saudi Arabia, 125,224,242-248. See also

Arabian Peninsula

basic statistics for, 53It

Britain and, 245

development of, 247-248

emergence of, 243-245

oil and, 245-246

Ottoman Empire and, 243

terrorism in, 426—429

Yemen and, 244

SAVAK,241,372,373,374

Sawm, 47

Science, Islamic, 120-121

Sebuktegin, 96

Second aliya, 276-277

Secret societies, 90,93,190,194,196,200,

207,209,214,237