Index • 557Westernization of, 230-233
in WWI, 226-227
Turkic Kayi tribe, 138
Turkish language, 10
Turkish Language Academy, 231
Turkism, 195-198
Turkistan, 198
Turkmenistan, 418
Twelve-Imam Shi'is, 89, 94,153,199,
236,370
Twitchell, Karl, 245,246
U Thant (UN secretary general),
324, 335
Ubaydallah, 90
Uganda Scheme, 275
Uhud, 37,40
Uighurs, 95
Ukaz, 26
Ulama, 51, 72,81,91,109,110,114,236,
241,242. See also Mollahs
Umar (caliph), 32, 55,57,58,59,60,64,
67,75
Covenent of, 76
Umar II (caliph), 76
Umayyads, 32, 59,61,63,64, 66, 68, 71
beginning of dynasty for, 71-75
downfall of, 76-77
fiscal reforms of, 75-76
restoration of, 72-73
Umma, 35,37,41, 53, 57-59, 72,85,109
dissension in, 59
expansion of, 60
nationalism and, 185, 369
United Arab Emirates, 223
basic statistics for, 53If
United Arab Republic, 317
United Nations (UN), 264
Conciliation Committee on Palestine
by, 295
Disengagement Observer Force, 352
Educational, Social and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO), 356
Emergency Force (UNEF), 313,315,
352,356
Gulf War and, 400-402,405
Iraqi oil for food deal by, 432
membership in, 299
observer group of, 318
Palestinian partition plan, 287-289,
288map
Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) of,
298,299,336
Resolution 242 of, 334,335, 337, 340,
341,351,412
Special Committee on Palestine by, 287
weapons inspection teams, 405,435
United States
Egypt and, 256,305-306,314
Gulf War and, 401-406
Iran and, 240-241,368-379
Israel and, 293, 329-330, 331
Lebanon and, 390-392
Palestine and, 286
Suez Canal invasion and, 313
Syria and, 316, 317
Urabi, Ahmad, 190,192
Urban II, Pope, 98
USSR. See Soviet Union
Uthman (caliph), 32,57,59,60,61,63,67
Uzbeks, 153,158
al-Uzza, 26,33VaadLe'umi, 281
Veils, 50,247
Venice, 100,144,161
Venizelos, Eleutherios, 226,228
Versailles Treaty, 218
Vienna, 146,150,157,159,257,275
Vietnam, 346, 348
Virtues, 24,41,62,108
Viziers, 81,94,114. See also Wazir
Grand, 147Wafd, 255-265,281
Wahhabi Islam, 170,174,205,242,243
Wailing Wall Incident, 283
Waqf, 148. See also Awqaf
War of Attrition, 338-339,341
Wars. See specific wars