A Concise History of the Middle East

556 • Index

Tea, 118
Tehran, 181,186,200,201, 236,237,238,
240,368,372,373, 374,376,377,
381,382,383,384,399
Tehran, University of, 240
Tel al-Kebir, Battle of, 192
Tel Aviv, 276,289,293, 307, 387
Tel Za'tar, 388
Temple Mount, 74,238,415. See also Dome
of the Rock
Tengri, 101
Terrorism, 6,397,398,408,410,412,414,

417. See also Assassinations;
     Kidnappings; Torture
     combating, 393-394,434
     definition of, 393,421
     in Fertile Crescent states, 424-426
     in Egypt, 429-430
     in Gulf states, 426-429
     in Iran, 423-424
     in Saudi Arabia, 426-429
     state-sponsored, 393,422,423
     in Turkey, 422-423
     war on, 419—448
     Texas Oil Company, 246
     Thatcher, Margaret, 401
     Theology, of Islam, 72,122-123
     Thrace, 141,142,226,227,228
     Tigris River, 8, 57, 78,136,302, 340,417,
     422,436,437
     Timars, 148,177
     Timur Leng, 136,137,143,152
     Timurids, 129,136-137,156,158
     Tinnis, 5
     Tiran Straits, 310, 314, 324, 325
     Tithing, 48
     Tobacco, in Persia, 199
     Torah, 45
     Torture, 99, 373,403,404,410,438,445
     Trade routes, 18,26,36,94
     Trans-Iranian Railway, 238
     Transjordan, 220,240,244,245,264,265,
     280, 285,289,292,293,294,295,
     299,301,303,315,316,424.
     See also Jordan

Britain and, 280

Israel and, 296-297

Transoxiana, 74,95,102,181

Transylvania, 143

Trebizond, 143

Tribes. See also Bedouin; Nomads

of Arabia, 23-24

organization of, 24

Trinity, in Christianity, 19

Tripoli, 99,300

Tripolitania, 197

Trucial States. See United Arab Emirates

Truman, Harry, 289,293

Tunis, 84, 85, 88,91,407

Tunisia, 64, 84, 89,91,403,413

Turbans, 118-119

Turco-Abbasid alliance, 97

Turkey, 4, 74,84,94-95,101,115,228.

See also Anatolia; Ottoman Empire;

Young Turks

Abbasids and, 84

basic statistics for, 53If

constitution of, 230,232

culture of, 230

Cyprus and, 234,423

Demokrat Party of, 234

early civilization of, 95

enslavement of, 85

Grand National Assembly of, 227,228,

229,230,231,233,423

Greeks and, 213,228

independence of, 223,233

Islamization of, 85,95-96

Justice Party of, 235

literature of, 121-122

nationalism of, 186,198,227,

228,232

Republican People's Party (RPP) of,

232,234,235

Second Turkish Republic

of, 234

Soviet Union and, 228

terrorism in, 422-423

United States and, 234

Welfare Party of, 235,417