following a series of policy disagreements with the
NAACP that included a difference of opinion about
how best to protect African-American economic,
educational, and political progress.
During the Harlem Renaissance, he published
the first of his three autobiographies. Dark Water:
Voices from Within the Veilappeared in 1921. His
novel DARKPRINCESSappeared in 1928 and repre-
sented DuBois’s effort to model the literary and
racial aesthetic that he believed most appropriate
and politically useful for the period. In the late
1930s, DuBois’s editorials appeared regularly in the
African-American newspapers including the New
York-based AMSTERDAM NEWS and the PITTS-
BURGHCOURIER.Additional works that contributed
to the rich and multifaceted scholarship on African-
American and pan-African culture, politics, and tra-
dition included Africa: Its Place in Modern History
(1930), Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a His-
tory of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt
to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880
(1935), and Black Folk, Then and Now: An Essay in
the History and Sociology of the Negro Race(1939).
Following his departure from The Crisis,
DuBois became chair of the Atlanta University
Sociology Department in 1934. There, he founded
and edited Phylon Magazinefor the next 10 years,
until 1944. His significant publication record in
the years after the Harlem Renaissance included
continued publication in the African-American
press and newspapers such as the Chicago Tribune.
He published respected works on Africa including
The World and Africa: An Inquiry into the Part
Which Africa Has Played in World History(1947).
He also returned to fiction and published works
such as the trilogy The Ordeal of Mansart(1957),
Mansart Builds a School (1959), and Worlds of
Color(1961).
DuBois received high national and interna-
tional honors and recognition for his unwavering
commitment to social and political reforms and
equality. He was the recipient of the Spingarn
Medal, the NAACP’s highest honor, in 1932. His
many honors included honorary degrees from nu-
merous schools such as the University of Berlin,
HOWARDUNIVERSITY, Morgan State College, and
Fisk University. Elected to the National Institute of
Arts and Letters in 1943, he also was honored by
the Liberian government, which made him Knight
Commander of the Liberian Humane Order of
African Redemption. DuBois was awarded the
Lenin Peace Prize in Moscow in 1959.
DuBois was a resilient public figure, a man who
refused to compromise his standards of intellectual
excellence and political morality. His fortitude,
multifaceted leadership in the arts, education, and
politics underscored the complexity of African-
American experiences. His professional example in-
spired and required many writers to articulate their
agendas as aspiring public intellectuals and women
and men of their race.
The W. E. B. DuBois papers are held in several
libraries and archives. The majority of his papers
are held in the Special Collections Department,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Additional
archives holding DuBois’s papers include Fisk Uni-
versity Library and Atlanta University.Bibliography
Aptheker, Herbert. The Legacy of W. E. B. DuBois.White
Plains, N.Y.: Krause International Publications,
1989.
Cooper, Wayne. Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the
Harlem Renaissance.New York: Schocken Books,
1987.
Coviello, Peter. “Intimacy and Affliction: DuBois, Race,
and Psychoanalysis,” Modern Language Quarterly64,
no. 1 (2003): 1–32.
DuBois, Shirley Graham. His Day Is Marching On: A
Memoir of W. E. B. DuBois.New York: Lippincott,
1971.
DuBois, W. E. Burghardt. Souls of Black Folk.1903;
reprint, New York: Bantam Books, 1989.
Huggins, Nathan. Harlem Renaissance.New York: Ox-
ford University Press, 1971.
Kaplan, Carla. Zora Neale Hurston: A Life in Letters.New
York: Doubleday, 2002.
Lewis, David Levering. W. E. B. DuBois: Biography of a
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———. W. E. B. DuBois: The Fight for Equality and the
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Holt and Company, 2000.
———, and Deborah Willis. A Small Nation of People:
W. E. B. DuBois and African American Portraits of
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Marable, Manning. W. E. B. DuBois, Black Radical Demo-
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