Nichols, Charles H., ed. Arna Bontemps–Langston Hughes
Letters, 1925–1967.New York: Paragon House, 1990.
Rampersad, Arnold. The Art and Imagination of W. E. B.
DuBois.New York: Schocken Books, 1990.
Turner, Darwin T. “W. E. B. DuBois and the Theory of a
Black Aesthetic.” In Harlem Renaissance Re-Exam-
ined: A Revised and Expanded Edition, edited by Vic-
tor Kramer and Robert Russ. Troy, N.Y.: Whitson
Pub., 1997. 45–64.
Wintz, Cary. African American Political Thought: Washing-
ton, Du Bois, Garvey, and Randolph.Armonk, N.Y.:
M. E. Sharpe, 1996.
DuBois, (Nina) Yolande(1900–1960)
The only surviving child of W. E. B. DUBOISand
Nina Gomer DuBois, his first wife. Described by
David Levering Lewis, a DuBois biographer, as “out-
standingly ordinary—a kind, plain woman of modest
intellectual endowment,” Yolande graduated from
FISKUNIVERSITYin 1924 and pursued a career in
teaching. She is perhaps best known for her short-
lived marriage to COUNTEECULLEN. The ceremony
in the Salem Methodist Episcopal Church with
Cullen’s adoptive father presiding, was, without a
doubt, the most impressive African-American social
event of the year. The marriage lasted less than a
year; Yolande married a second time and bore a son,
DuBois Williams. She died of a heart attack in 1960,
and W. E. B. DuBois was devastated by the loss of his
daughter. Shortly after he buried his daughter in
Great Barrington, Massachusetts, alongside her
mother and infant brother, he left for GHANA, where
he died in 1963.
Bibliography
Lewis, David Levering. W. E. B. DuBois: Biography of A
Race, 1868–1919.New York: Henry Holt and Com-
pany, 1993.
———. W. E. B. DuBois: The Fight For Equality and the
American Century, 1919–1963.New York: Henry
Holt and Company, 2000.
———. When Harlem Was in Vogue.New York: Knopf,
1981.
Dunbar Apartments
One of Harlem’s most prestigious addresses, the
Dunbar Apartments were built by Roscoe Conkling
Bruce, the son of the black Reconstruction-era sen-
ator from Mississippi. There were more than 500
apartments in the development located between
149th and 150th Streets and from Seventh to
Eighth Avenues. Some of the most significant fig-
ures of the Renaissance who lived there at some
time included COUNTEECULLEN,W. E. B. DUBOIS,
and PAULROBESON.Dunbar Garden Players
A small theater group whose name honored Paul
Laurence Dunbar. During its short performance
life that began in 1929, it produced at least two
plays. EULALIE SPENCE directed the company’s
production of Before Breakfast by EUGENE
O’NEILL and Joint Owners of Spain by Alice
Brown.Dunbar High School
One of the most famous schools in WASHING-
TON, D.C. Known for its impressive teachers, rig-
orous courses, and stellar students, the school
counted a number of leading Harlem Renaissance
writers and activists among its students and fac-
ulty. This was the alma mater of JEANTOOMER,
RICHARD BRUCE NUGENT,STERLING BROWN,
MAYMILLER, and CLARISSASCOTT. Teachers in-
cluded JESSIEFAUSET,ANNAJULIACOOPER,AN-
GELINA WELD GRIMKÉ,CLARISSA SCOTT
DELANY,MARYBURRILL,and EVADYKES, one of
the first African-American women to earn a
Ph.D. in America.Bibliography
Watson, Steven. The Harlem Renaissance: Hub of
African-American Culture, 1920–1930.New York:
Pantheon Books, 1995.Dunbar-Nelson, Alice Ruth Moore
(1875–1935)
A spirited, highly motivated, and self-confident
writer born in New Orleans. Like many other
Harlem Renaissance figures, she attended several
schools including Cornell University and the UNI-
VERSITY OFPENNSYLVANIA, two Ivy League schools.
She pursued the teaching course of study at StraightDunbar-Nelson, Alice Ruth Moore 129