chap. 2 (with particular attention to Europe and China). On its effect in China, see
Timothy Brook,The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties(Cam-
bridge, Mass. and London: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, 2010), chap. 3.
On climate in Russia, see Yevgeny P. Borisenkov,“Climatic and Other Natural Extremes in
the European Territory of Russia in the Late Maunder Minimum (1675–1715),”in
Burkhard Frenzel, ed.,Climatic Trends and Anomalies in Europe 1675– 1715 (Stuttgart,
Jena, New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1994), 83–94; and essays by Chernavskaya and
Borisenkov in Raymond S. Bradley and Philip D. Jones, eds.,Climate Since A.D. 1500
(London and New York: Routledge, 1995), 73–81, 171–83. An important resource in
Russian: E. P. Borisenkov and V. M. Pasetskii,Ekstremal’nye prirodnye iavleniia v russkikh
letopisiakh XI–XVII vv.(Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1983).
On epidemic in early modern Europe and Eurasia in general: Alfred W. Crosby,Ecological
Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900– 1900 , 2nd edn. (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2004), 29–39; William H. McNeill,Plagues and Peoples
(New York: Anchor Books, 1976); Jared Diamond,Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of
Human Societies(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999). A classic in Russian on
epidemics in Russia: K. G. Vasil’ev and A. E. Segal,Istoriia epidemii v Rossii. (Materialy i
ocherki)(Moscow: Gosud. izdatel’stvo meditsinskoi literatury, 1960).
On demographic growth for Europe, see P. Malanima,Pre-Modern European Economy: One
Thousand Years (10th-19th Centuries)(Leiden: Brill, 2009). Jan de Vries,“Population,”in
Thomas A. Brady, Heiko Oberman, and James D. Tracy, eds.,Handbook of European
History, 1400–1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation.Vol. 1:Structures
and Assertions(Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publ. Co., 1994), 1–50. For
China, see Brook,Troubled Empire, chap. 2; for the Ottoman empire, see Halil Inalcik,
with Daniel Quataert,An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300– 1914
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 25–41 and 646–57.
Demography and population density for Russia: McEvedy and Jones,Atlas.The English
translation of Boris Mironov’s study that updated Ia. E. Vodarskii’s demographic calcu-
lations: B. N. Mironov and Ben Eklof,The Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700– 1917
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2000); B. N. Mironov,The Standard of Living and
Revolutions in Russia, 1700– 1917 , ed. Gregory L. Freeze (London: Routledge, 2012);
Paolo Malanima,Pre-Modern European Economy: One Thousand Years (10th–19th Cen-
turies)(Leiden: Brill, 2009). For Russian classics, see N. A. Gorskaia,Istoricheskaia
demografiia Rossii epokhi feodalizma. (Itogi i problemy izucheniia)(Moscow: Nauka,
1994); Ia. E. Vodarskii,Naselenie Rossii za 400 let (XVI–nachalo XX vv.)(Moscow:
Prosveshchenie, 1973).
On deforestation and environmental degradation, see David Moon,The Russian Peasantry,
1600 – 1930: The World the Peasants Made(London: Longman, 1999) and hisThe Plough
That Broke the Steppes: Agriculture and Environment on Russia’s Grasslands, 1700– 1914
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).
On European maritime empires, see James D. Tracy,“Trade across Eurasia to about 1750,”
in Jerry H. Bentley,The Oxford Handbook of World History(Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2011), 288–303; James Tracy, ed.,The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance
Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350– 1750 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1990) and James Tracy,The Political Economy of Merchant Empires:
State Power and World Trade, 1350– 1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1991); Wolfgang Reinhard,“The Seaborne Empires,”in Brady, Oberman, and Tracy,
eds.,Handbook of European History, 1400– 1600 , 637–64; J. M. Roberts,The New
Penguin History of the World, 5th edn. updated and revised by Odd Arne Westad
Land, People, and Global Context 39