(London: Penguin, 2007); Herman van der Wee,“Structural Changes in European
Long-Distance Trade, and Particularly in the Re-export Trade from South to North,
1350 – 1750,”in Tracy, ed.,The Rise of Merchant Empires,14–33.
On Silk Road trade and Eurasian empire, see David Christian,“Silk Roads or Steppe Roads?
The Silk Roads in World History,”Journal of World History11 (2000): 1–26; Morris
Rossabi,“The‘decline’of the Central Asian Caravan Trade,”in Tracy, ed.,The Rise of
Merchant Empires; Tracy,“Trade across Eurasia,”inOxford Handbook of World History,
288 – 303; Philip D. Curtin,Cross-Cultural Trade in World History(Cambridge: Cam-
bridge University Press, 1984); Scott Levi,“India, Russia, and the Eighteenth-Century
Transformation of the Central Asian Caravan Trade,”in Scott Levi, ed.,India and
Central Asia: Commerce & Culture, 1500– 1800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2007), 93–122; Alfred Rieber,The Struggle for the Eurasian Borderlands: From the Rise
of Early Modern Empires to the End of the First World War(Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2014).
On the Mughals, see Richards,“Early Modern India and World History,”Journal of World
History8 (1997): 197–209 and hisAn Unending Frontier, chap. 1; André Wink,“Post-
nomadic Empires: From the Mongols to the Mughals,”in Peter Bang and C. A. Bayly,
eds.,Tributary Empires in Global History(Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 120– 31
and hisAkbar(Oxford: One World, 2009). On China, see Timothy Brook,The Troubled
Empire.On the Ottomans, see Cemal Kafadar,Between Two Worlds: The Construction of
the Ottoman State(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995) and Colin Imber,The
Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power(Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002).40 The Russian Empire 1450– 1801