Minutemen, 220–21
Miranda, Francisco de, 71, 72
Miranda, Rafael Candel, 174
missionaries, missions
California, 61, 62
in Spanish America, 44–45
in the Spanish Southwest, 54,
55, 59
Mississippi River, 67–68
Mixtec, 10
mojados, 168–69
Monroe, James, 83–84
Monroe Doctrine, 110, 129
Monterrey, Mexico, 94
Montezuma II (Aztec emperor),
33–34
Moors, 5–6
Morelos y Pavón, José María,
73–74
Moreno, Luisa, 150, 156
Moreno, Rita, 165, 236
Moriscos, 65
Mouche, 10
movies and television
Hispanic stereotypes, 235
Hollywood, 140, 164
World War II era, 164–65
Movimento Estudientil Chicano
de Aztlán (MEChA), 193–94
Muñoz Marín, Luis, 172–75
Muñoz Rivera, Luis, 123–25
Murieta, Joaquín, 104, 105–6
Murphy, Laurance Gustave,
115
Muslims, in Spain, 6
mutualistas (mutual aid
societies), 145–46, 195–96
N
Napoleon, 56, 70–72
Napoleon III (Louis-Napoleon,
emperor of France), 110
Napoleonic Wars, 70, 72
Narváez, Pánfilo de, 46, 54
Natchez, 14
National Chicano Moratorium
Committee, 170, 194
National Farm Workers
Association (NFWA), 192–93
Native Americans
Catholicism, 44–45
genocide against, 23, 28–29
impact of colonization,
18–19, 43
land ownership disputes, 134
Mesoamerican civilizations,
8–10
under Mexican rule, 78,
79–80
in New Mexico, 53–54
North American, 12–14
pre-Columbian, 6–12
in South America, 10–12
in Spanish America, 19,
41–43, 44
in Texas, 105
Navajo, 12
naval base, Guantánamo Bay,
126, 128
naval blockades, 66, 107
Navarre, 5
Navidad (fort), 23
Nazca, 10
Netherlands, 6, 16, 52, 63–66
Neuvomexicanos, 77
New Deal, 150
New Granada, 41, 83
New Laws of 1542, 30
New Mexico
arts and culture, 57, 61, 79,
103
discrimination against
Hispanics in, 103, 115–16,
138–39
immigration, 55, 78
land ownership disputes, 100,
115
Mexican rule, 75–77, 79
New Deal programs, 155
race and class distinctions in,
78
railroads, 116–17
Spanish colonization, 53–58
statehood, 117
during the U.S. Civil War,
108–9
during U.S.-Mexican War, 92
New Mexico Volunteers, 109
New Spain
economy, 41–42
government, 41
intendencies, provinces, 64
New York City
arts and culture, 162–66
Central American
immigration to, 212
Cuban immigration to, 113
Dominican migration to,
184–85, 202–4
Puerto Rican immigration to,
114–15, 125, 147–48,
175–77, 204
South American immigration
to, 188, 214
newspapers and magazines
role in Spanish-American
War, 118–19
Spanish-language, 105, 139,
233–34
Nicaragua
modern, founding of, 83
immigrants from, 188–89,
210–11
20th century, 210
U.S. policy in, 130–32, 210
Niza, Maros de, 54
Nobel Prize recipients, 238
“Noche Triste,” 35–36
Noelesca, Beatriz “La Chata,”
163
Nogales, Mexico, 199–200
Noriega, Manuel, 131
Norteamericanos, 83
North America, European
colonization, 12–14, 19, 45–50
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), 198,
200, 220–21
Northwest Territory, 68
Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, 199–200
Nuevo-mexicanos, 97, 103,
115–16. See alsoland ownership
disputes
Nuyorican movement, 164, 177
Nuyorican Poets Café, 235
O
Obregón, Álvaro, 136
occupations, 195, 204, 207, 227.
See alsoagricultural workers
Ochoa, Ellen, 238
Ochoa, Severo, 238
O’Donojú, Juan, 74
Olmec, 8
Olmos, Edward James, 236
Olympic athletes, 238
Ona, 12
Oñate, Juan de, 53
O’Neill, Gonzalo, 163
Operation Bootstrap, 174–75
Operation Wetback, 170–72
Orimbunda, 17
Ortega, John, 107
Ortiz, David, 237
Ortiz, Ralph, 165
O’Sullivan, John L., 89–90
Otero, Miguel A., Jr., 103
Our Lady of Guadalupe(Garcia),
165
Oyo Empire, 16
P
Pacheco, Johnny, 167
Palamino, Ernesto, 165
Paleolithic settlements, 2
Panama
Canal Zone, 128–31
immigrants from, 188–89,
210
Pantín, Santiago Iglesias, 115
Pantoja, Antonia, 177
Papal Line of Demarcation, 24,
26
Paraguay, 72–73
Paredes, Mariano, 90
Paris, Treaty of (1783), 54
Paris, Treaty of (1898), 123
partidosystem, 78–79
Patrón, Juan, 115
Pattie, James Ohio, 78
Pedro I (emperor of Portugal), 71
Pelayo, 5
Peninsular War, 70, 72
peninsulares, 43, 70–71, 74, 112
Pensacola, Florida, 50
Peoples Congress, 156
Peralta, Pedro de, 53
Pérez, Albino, 79
Perez, Manuel, Jr., 158
Perez, Rigoberto Garcia, 168
Perez, Rosie, 235–36
Pershing, John J., 136
Peru
Inca Empire, 10–11
independence movements,
72–73
immigrants from, 187,
198–99, 213
Spanish colonization, 36–39,
41
20th century, 188, 214
Pétion, Alexandre, 131
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 160,
176
Philip II (king of Spain), 5,
63–64
Philippines, 25, 43, 56, 121–23,
129, 173. See alsoSpanish-
American War
Phoenicians, 2–3
Piñero, Jesús T, 172
Piñero, Miquel, 164
Pino, Miguel E., 109
Pinochet, Augusto, 188
Pinzón, Martín Alonzo, 22
Pinzón, Vicente Yáñez, 27
Pipil, 10
pirates, Caribbean, 49–53
Pizarro, Francisco, 36–39
Pizarro, Gonzalo, 39
Plan of Iguala, 78
plants, exchange of, 39
Platt Amendment (1901), 126,
127, 128
plena, 237
political participation, 229–33
Polk, James K., 89–92, 118
Ponce de León, Juan, 45–46
Popé, 53, 55, 58
Portugal
colonization by, 5, 18, 26–27
conflicts with France, 70
independence movements
against, 71
slave trade, 16
poverty rates, 225–27
Power, Vic, 167
Pozo, Luiciano (“Chano”), 148
Prado, Perez, 167
pre-Columbian civilizations,
6–12
presidios. Seeforts/garrisons
Prinze, Freddie, 236
Prinze, Freddie, Jr., 236
Proposition 227 (California),
201, 230
provinces (New Spain), 64
Public Law 78, 170
Pueblo Indians, 53, 55, 58
Pueblo Revolt, 53, 79
Puente, Ernesto (“Tito”), 167,
176, 236
Puerto Rican Americans, 147–48
achievements in sports, 167
arts and culture, 165, 176,
238–39
economic stats,175–77
Nuyorican movement, 164
U.S. mainland population,
204–5
religious celebrations, 240
service in World War II, 156
Puerto Rico
economic development,
204–5
government structure, 125
immigration from, 161, 202
independence vs. statehood
in, 114, 123–26, 172–75,
205
Operation Bootstrap, 174–75
Spanish colonization and
control, 29, 72–73
Spanish-American War in,
122
U.S. control, 123–26
Puerto Rico Reconstruction
Agency, 173
Pujols, Albert, 237
Pulitzer, Joseph, 118–19
Punic Wars, 3
Q
Quechua, 237
Quesada, Gonzalo Jiménez de,
40
Quetzalcoatl, 34
Quinn, Anthony, 235
R
Radio Martí, 206
railroads, 116–17, 138
Ramirez, Francisco, 105
Ramirez, Manny, 237
Ramirez, Yasmin, 235
ranchera, 237
ranchers/herder conflicts, 115
Reagan, Ronald, 200–201, 210
Reconquest (Spain), 5–6, 28
“Registro de 1918,” 140
religious art, 61
religious diversity, 240. See also
Catholic Church
repartimento, 41–42
repatriation programs, 150–52,
163
Republic of Texas, 88
Republican Party, 229–30
Resettlement Administration,
155
retablos, 61
revistas, 163
Revolutionary Recovery
Insurrection Movement
(MIRR), 182
Reyes, José, 237–38
Ribault, Jean, 47–48
Richardson, Bill, 229–30
Ridge, John Rollin, 104
Río de la Plata, United Provinces
of, 41, 83
Rio Grande River, 143
Rivera, Chita, 236
Rivera, Dennis, 232
Rivera, Luis Muñoz, 115
Robinson, Jackie, 167
Rockefeller, John D., 144
Rodriguez, Alex, 237
Rodriguez, Cleto, 158
Rodriguez, Juan (“Chi Chi”),
167, 237
Romero, Oscar Arnulfo, 209
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 128, 150
Roosevelt, Theodore, 118,
121–22, 129
Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine, 129–31
Rosado, Rossana, 234
Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana, 232
Rough Riders, 122
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 71
Ruiz, Alejandro R., 158
S
Sabitini, Gabriela, 238
Sagasta, Práxedes Mateo, 124
Salazar, Ken, 231
Salazar, Ruben, 193
salsa, 237
Samarron, Carlos, 159
San Antonio, Texas, 59, 84–85,
139, 231
San Diego, California, 62
San Francisco, California, 62
San Juan de los Caballeros, 53
San Juan Pueblo, 53
San Juan, Puerto Rico, 27
San Martín, José de, 73
San Salvador, 22
Sánchez, Alfonso, 191, 194
Sanchez, Loretta and Linda, 232
Sanctuary Movement, 211,
224–25
Sandinista National Liberation
Front (FSLN), 210
Sandino, Augusto César, 130,
132, 210
Santa Anna, Antonio López de,
82, 85–88, 94, 97
Santa Clara, California, 62
Santa Fe, New Mexico, 53
Santa Fe Pioneers, 88
Santa Fe Ring, 115
Santa Fe Trail, 76, 77
Santana, Carlos, 236
Santana, Pedro, 131
Santiago, Chile, 27
Santiago de Cuba, 32
Santo Domingo, 23, 27, 69, 131
INDEX 249
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