Saralegui, Cristina, 233
Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 220
scientific achievements, 238
Scott, Winfield, 91, 94–96
Selena, 236
Selman, John, 115
Seminole, 61
Seminole War, First, 71
Senegambia, 17
Serna, Marcelino, 142
Serra, Junípero, 62
Serra, Richard, 235
Seven Cities of Cíbola, 54, 55
Seven Years’ War, 65
Shafter, William, 121–22
Sheen, Martin (Ramon Estevez),
236
sheep ranching, 78–79
Shepherd, W., 88
Siberia, migrations from, 7
Sigüenza y Góngora, Carols de,
40
silver mining, 43, 44, 65
Simcox, Chris, 220
slaves, slavery
African, 15–18, 31
Aztec, 10
colonization and, 19
in Cuba, 74, 112–13
encomiendasystem vs.,
29–31
in Hispaniola, 28–29
Native Americans, 13
in Spanish America, 43
in Texas, 84
Slidell, John, 90
Sloat, John, 93
smallpox epidemics, 36, 37, 39
Smits, Jimmy, 236
Soccer War, 189
Society for the Advancement of
Chicanos and Native
Americans in the Sciences, 238
Sola, Pablo Vicente de, 75
Somoza Debayle, Anastasio,
188–89
son music, 237
Songhai, kingdom of, 15
Soriano, Alfonso, 237
South America
colonization of, 40–41, 53
immigrants from, 186–88,
212–14
Inca Empire, 10–11
independence movements,
72–74
pre-Columbian, 10–12
racial/class distinctions,
115–16
Southwest Voter Registration
Education Project (SVREP),
232
Soviet Union, and Cuba, 182,
206–7
Spain. See alsoSpanish America
during American Revolution,
65–68
arts and culture, 64–65, 162
Carthaginian rule, 2–3
colonization and conquests,
9, 18, 21–27, 31–36, 53–62
conflicts with France, 68–70
conflicts with Great Britain,
49–53
genocide against Native
Americans, 28–29
geography, 1–2
“Golden Age,” 63–64
independence movements
against, 65, 112–15,
118–20
under Moors, 4–6
North American
borderlands, 53
immigrants from, 149
reconquest, 6
slave trade, 16
Roman rule, 3–4
Seven Years’ War, 65
Spanish-American War,
120–23
U.S.-Mexican War, 60
under Visigoths, 4–5
Spanish America
arts and culture, 45, 149
creation of, 18–20
daily life, economy, 41–44
disease, 65
forts/garrisons, 27–28
government, 41
independence movements,
65, 70–75
missionaries, missions, 44–45
Native Americans in, 19,
41–44
racial/class distinctions, 20,
43–44
religion, 44–45
in 1790, map showing, 64
slavery in, 19–20, 43
territorial conflicts, 69
Spanish Civil War, 149
Spanish Inquisition, 6
Spanish International Network
(SIN), 233
Spanish language
bilingualism, 241–42
controversy over, in U.S.,
200–201
mass media, 233–34
Spanish Trail, 76, 79
Spanish-American War, 74,
120–23
Spanish-Cuban band music,
166–67
sports figures, athletes, 167, 207,
236–37
St. Augustine, Florida, 49
Stockton, Robert F., 92
Sucre, Antonio José de, 73
sugar beet industry, 142
sugar plantations, 31, 118, 124,
127
Suriname, 53, 213
Sutter, John Augustus, 89, 97
T
Taft, William Howard, 132, 135
Taino, 22
Taller Boricua gallery, 235
Tampa, Florida, 113–14, 163
tango, 237
Taylor, Zachary, 90, 94
Teatro Campesino, 161–64, 194
Teatro Cuatro, 163–64
Tejada, Sebastián Lerdo de, 133
Tejano (Tex-Mex) music, 166,
237
Tejanos, 80. See alsoland
ownership disputes
arts and culture, 236
discrimination against, 103
following U.S.-Mexican War,
97
political activism by, 156
service during the U.S. Civil
War, 108
Telemundo, 233
Teller Amendment, 123, 126
temporary workers, debates
about, 217–18
Ten Years’ War, 112–13, 119–20
Tenochtitlán, 8–9, 32, 34, 36
Teotihuacán, 9
Teresa of Avila (saint), 65
TerraHealth, Inc, 233
Texas
during American Revolution,
65
Anglo-Tejano conflicts,
83–85, 105, 116
braceroprograms, 170
Central American
population, 212
cotton production, 84
Hispanic arts and culture,
103–4
Hispanic population, 59–60
Mexican rule, 76–77, 80
redistricting controversy, 232
repatriation of Mexican
Americans, 152
Republic of Texas, 88
Spanish colonization, 53,
58–60
Texas Emigrant Agent Law,
144
Texas Independence
Movement, 81
U.S. annexation, 81, 88,
89–90
during the U.S. Civil War,
108–9
War of Independence from
Mexico, 83–87
Texas Emigrant Agent Law, 144
Texas Rangers, 105
Thirty Years’ War, 65
Thomas, Piri, 176
Tiahuanico, 10
Tijerina, Reies López, 194
Tijuana, Mexico, 199–200,
223–24
Tlascalan, 34
Toltec, 8
Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494), 24,
26
Torres, Francisco, 115
Torresola, Griselio, 174
trappers, 77–78
Travis, William, 85–86
Treviño, Lee, 167, 237
Triana, Rodrigo de, 22
Trinidad, 24
Trujillo, Rafael, 183–84
Truman, Harry S., 172, 174
Tubac, Arizona, 55
Tucson, Arizona, 78
Tukulor, Tekrur state, 16, 17
Tunstall, John H., 115
Tupac Amaru (Incan emperor),
38
Turlington, Christy, 236
26th of July Movement, 178
Tyler, John, 89
U
Umayyad dynasty, 5–6
Unanue, Orudencio, 233
United Cannery, Agricultural,
Packing, and Allied Workers of
America (UCAPAWA), 156–57
United Farm Workers (UFW),
161, 191–93. See alsolabor
struggles, strikes
United Fruit Company, 126, 130,
189
United People’s Party (El
Partido), 116
United Province of Río de la
Plata, 83
United Provinces of Central
America, 75
disintegration of, 83
United States v. Percheman, 102
United States-Latin American
policy. See alsoimmigration and
specific countries and states
“big stick” policy, 129–31
in Cuba, 118, 126–28,
179–83, 206–7
dollar diplomacy, 132
in the Dominican Republic,
131, 132, 184–85
Good Neighbor Policy, 150,
153
in Hispaniola, 131
in Mexico, 96, 135, 199–200
in Nicaragua, 130–32, 210
in Panama, 128–31
in Puerto Rico, 123–26,
174–76
Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine, 129–31
Spanish-American War and,
120–23
Uruguay
20th century, 188
independence movements,
72–73
modern, founding of, 83
Spanish colonization, 41
U.S. Congress, Hispanic
Americans in, 139, 150, 177,
230
U.S.-Mexican War, 60, 81
build up to, 88–90
invasion of Mexico, 94–96
invasion of northern Mexico,
90–92
naval blockades during, 107
New Mexico and California,
92–94
Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo, 96–97
V
vacqueros(cowboys), 100, 103
Valdez, José F., 157
Valdez, Luis, 161–62, 164, 194
Valens, Ritchie (Ricardo
Valencia), 166, 236
Vallejo, Mariano Guadalupe, 80,
92
Vallejo, Salvador, 109
vallenato, 237
Vargas Zapata Luján y Ponce de
León, Diego de, 55
Vásquez, Tiburcio, 105–6
Velasquez, Loreta Janeta, 109
Velázquez, Diego, 30–31, 35
Velázquez, Nydia, 232
Venezuela
independence movements,
72–73
modern, founding of, 83
Veracruz, Mexico, 33, 94
Verrazano, Giovanni da, 27
Vespucci, Amerigo, 25
Vial, Pedro, 76
Viceroyalties, Spanish, 41
Victoria, Guadalupe, 81
Vietnam War, 170, 193
Vigil, Juan Bautista, 92
Vilella, Roberto Sánchez, 172–74
Villa, Francisco (“Pancho”), 134,
136
Villarini, Pedro, 165
Villegas, Ysmael R., 158
Villiers, Balthazar de, 67–68
Virgin of Guadalupe, 20
Visigoths, 4–5
von Humboldt, Alexander, 70
voter participation, 229–30
W
Waldseemüller, Martin, 25
Walker, William, 131
Wallace, Lew, 115
Wallace, William (“Bigfoot”),
105
War of 1812, 61
War of the Spanish Succession,
65
Wars of the French Revolution,
69
weaving, Spanish, 57
Weller, John B., 103
West Africa, slaves from, 15–16
West Side Story(movie), 164–65
Western Federation of Miners,
147
Weyler, Valeriano, 118, 119–20
Wilson, Henry Lane, 135
Wilson, Woodrow, 135–36, 144
Wolof, 17
Wood, Leonard, 127
Works Progress Administration
(WPA), 155, 165
World War I
impact on sugar market, 127
Puerto Rican independence
movement and, 125–26
service of Hispanic
Americans during, 140–43
World War II
Hispanic American service
during, 156–59
zoot suit riots, 159–60
Y
Yahgan, 12
Yaqui, 10, 55
Ybor City, Tampa, Florida,
113–14
Yoruba, 16
Young Lords, 177
Yucatán Peninsula, 8–9, 159–60
Yuma, 55
Z
Zapata, Emilio, 134
Zapata Army of National
Liberation, 198
Zapotec, 8, 10
Zaragoza, Ignacio, 110
Zelaya, José Santos, 130, 131
“Zimmermann note,” 140
zoot suit riots, 159–60
Zoot Suit(Valdez), 161
Zumarraga, Juan de, 36
Zuni, 53, 54
250 ATLAS OF HISPANIC-AMERICAN HISTORY
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