GLOSSARY ★ A-71Revolution of 1800 First time that an
American political party surrendered
power to the opposition party; Jefferson,
a Republican, had defeated incumbent
Adams, a Federalist, for president.
Roanoke colony English expedition
of 117 settlers, including Virginia Dare,
the first English child born in the New
World; the colony disappeared from Roa-
noke Island in the Outer Banks sometime
between 1587 and 1590.
robber barons Also known as “captains
of industry”; Gilded- Age industrial figures
who inspired both admiration, for their
economic leadership and innovation, and
hostility and fear, due to their unscrupu-
lous business methods, repressive labor
practices, and unprecedented economic
control over entire industries.
Roe v. Wade 1973 U.S. Supreme Court
decision requiring states to permit first-
trimester abortions.
Roosevelt Corollary 1904 Announce-
ment by President Theodore Roosevelt,
essentially a corollary to the Monroe Doc-
trine, that the United States could inter-
vene militarily to prevent interference
from European powers in the Western
Hemisphere.
Rwandan genocide 1994 Genocide con-
ducted by the Hutu ethnic group upon the
Tutsi minority in Rwanda.
Sacco- Vanzetti case A case held during
the 1920s in which two Italian- American
anarchists were found guilty and exe-
cuted for a crime in which there was very
little evidence linking them to the partic-
ular crime.
Salem witch trials A crisis of trials and
executions in Salem, Massachusetts, in
1692 that resulted from anxiety over
witchcraft.
salutary neglect Informal British pol-
icy during the first half of the eighteenth
century that allowed the American col-
onies considerable freedom to pursueratify the Fourteenth Amendment and
permit freedmen to vote.
Reconstruction Finance Corpora-
tion Federal program established in 1932
under President Herbert Hoover to loan
money to banks and other institutions to
help them avert bankruptcy.
Red Scare of 1919–1920 Fear among
many Americans after World War I of
Communists in particular and nonciti-
zens in general, a reaction to the Russian
Revolution, mail bombs, strikes, and riots.
Redeemers Post– Civil War Democratic
leaders who supposedly saved the South
from Yankee domination and preserved
the primarily rural economy.
redemptioners Indentured families or
persons who received passage to the New
World in exchange for a promise to work
off their debt in America.
Regulators Groups of backcountry Car-
olina settlers who protested colonial
policies.
repartimiento system Spanish labor sys-
tem under which Indians were legally
free and able to earn wages but were
also required to perform a fixed amount
of labor yearly. Replaced the encomienda
system.
republic Representative political system
in which citizens govern themselves by
electing representatives, or legislators, to
make key decisions on the citizens’ behalf.
republican motherhood The ideology
that emerged as a result of American inde-
pendence where women played an indis-
pensable role by training future citizens.
republicanism Political theory in
eighteenth- century England and Amer-
ica that celebrated active participation in
public life by economically independent
citizens as central to freedom.
reverse discrimination Belief that affir-
mative action programs discriminate
against white people.