A-72 ★ GLOSSARY
Scottsboro case Case in which nine
black youths were convicted of raping
two white women; in overturning the
verdicts of this case, the Court established
precedents in Powell v. Alabama (1932)
that adequate counsel must be appointed
in capital cases, and in Norris v. Alabama
(1935) that African- Americans cannot be
excluded from juries.
Sea Islands experiment The 1861 pre-
Reconstruction social experiment that
involved converting slave plantations
into places where former slaves could
work for wages or own land. Former
slaves also received education and access
to improved shelter and food.
Second American Revolution The trans-
formation of American government and
society brought about by the Civil War.
Second Great Awakening Religious
revival movement of the early decades of
the nineteenth century, in reaction to the
growth of secularism and rationalist reli-
gion; began the predominance of the Bap-
tist and Methodist Churches.
second Great Migration The move-
ment of black migrants from the rural
South to the cities of the North and West,
which occurred from 1941 through World
War II, that dwarfed the Great Migration
of World War I.
Second Middle Passage The massive
trade of slaves from the upper South (Vir-
ginia and the Chesapeake) to the lower
South (the Gulf states) that took place
between 1820 and 1860.
Sedition Act 1918 law that made it a
crime to make spoken or printed state-
ments that criticized the U.S. government
or encouraged interference with the war
effort.
Selective Service Act Law passed in 1917
to quickly increase enlistment in the army
for the United States’ entry into World
War I; required men to register with the
draft.their economic and political interests in
exchange for colonial obedience.
Sanitary Fairs Fund- raising bazaars led
by women on behalf of Civil War soldiers.
The fairs offered items such as uniforms
and banners, as well as other emblems of
war.
Santa Anna, Antonio López de The mil-
itary leader who, in 1834, seized political
power in Mexico and became a dictator. In
1835, Texans rebelled against him, and he
led his army to Texas to crush their rebel-
lion. He captured the missionary called
the Alamo and killed all of its defenders,
which inspired Texans to continue their
resistance and Americans to volunteer
to fight for Texas. The Texans captured
Santa Anna during a surprise attack, and
he bought his freedom by signing a treaty
recognizing Texas’s independence.
Saratoga, Battle of Major defeat of Brit-
ish general John Burgoyne and more than
5,000 British troops at Saratoga, New York,
on October 17, 1777.
scalawags Southern white Republicans—
some former Unionists— who supported
Reconstruction governments.
Schenck v. United States 1919 U.S.
Supreme Court decision upholding the
wartime Espionage and Sedition Acts;
in the opinion he wrote for the case,
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes set the
now- familiar “clear and present danger”
standard.
scientific management Management
campaign to improve worker efficiency
using measurements like “time and
motion” studies to achieve greater produc-
tivity; introduced by Frederick Winslow
Taylor in 1911.
Scopes trial 1925 trial of John Scopes,
Tennessee teacher accused of violating
state law prohibiting teaching of the
theory of evolution; it became a nationally
celebrated confrontation between reli-
gious fundamentalism and civil liberties.