Ethics 219
fright is a fear of something dreadful; dread is a fear which produces
fright.^47
Grudging is a pain at the goods of other people; envy is a pain at the
other fellow getting what one desires oneself, and not getting it oneself;
there is another sense of 'envy' [zeal], i.e., the congratulation of someone
who is [there is a corrupt word here] or the imitation of someone thought
of as better [than oneself]; resentment is a pain at the other fellow also
getting what one desired oneself; pity is a pain at someone's seeming to
suffer undeservedly; grief is a pain at an untimely death; heavy-hearted-
ness is a pain which weighs one down; distress is a pain which makes
one unable to speak; sorrow is a pain which comes by brooding [on
something]; anguish is a pain which penetrates and settles in; vexation
is a pain accompanied by tossing about.
lOd. Of these passions, some indicate the object they are concerned
with, such as pity, grudging, mean-spirited satisfaction, shame; some
indicate the peculiar qualities of the motion, such as anguish and dread.
lOe. A predisposition is a tendency towards [having a] passion, such
as one of the activities contrary to nature; for example, proneness to pain,
proneness to grudging, proneness to irascibility, and similar things. There
are also predispositions to other activities which are contrary to nature,
such as to theft and adultery and arrogant behaviour; it is in virtue of
these that people are said to become thieves, adulterers and arrogant
men. A disease is an opinion connected to a desire which has settled and
hardened into a condition, in virtue of which people think that things
not worth choosing are extremely worth choosing; for example, love of
women, love of wine, love of money; there are also certain states opposite
to
hatred of wine, hatred of mankind. Those diseases which occur in con-
junction with weakness are called ailments.
lla. They say that a [morally] perfect action is an appropriate action
which covers all the features,^48 or as we said before, a complete [perfect]
appropriate action. What is done contrary to right reason is a [moral]
mistake; or, an [action] in which something appropriate has been omitted
by a rational animal [is a moral mistake].
lib. They say that all good things belong
in that he who benefits one of his neighbours also benefits himself.
Concord is a knowledge of common goods, and that is why all virtuous
men are in concord with each other, because they are in agreement about
- Restored from D.L. 7.112.
- Literally "numbers".