218 l/-95
pain or fear or generally experience any of the passions of the soul, still
do not abandon them but are drawn by the passions into being dominated
by their tyrannical rule.
lOb. They say, then, that desire is a striving which is disobedient to
reason; its cause is believing that a good is approaching, and that when
it is here we shall do well by it; this opinion itself <that it really is worth
striving for> has a
an avoidance disobedient to reason, and its cause is believing that a bad
thing is approaching; this opinion that it really is worth avoiding has a
'fresh' [power] to stimulate motion. Pain is a contraction of the soul
disobedient to reason, and its cause is believing that a 'fresh' bad thing
is present, for which it is appropriate to <suffer contraction [in the soul].
Pleasure is an elation of the soul disobedient to reason, and its cause is
believing that a fresh good thing is present, for which it is appropriate
to> suffer elation [in the soul].
Under desire are subsumed such [passions] as these: anger and its
forms (spiritedness and irascibility and wrath and rancour and bitterness
and such things), vehement sexual desire and longing and yearning and
love of pleasure and love of wealth and love of reputation and similar
things. Under pleasure are mean-spirited satisfaction, contentment,
charms, and similar things. Under fear are hesitation, agony, shock,
shame, panic, superstition, fright, and dread. Under pain are envy, grudg-
ing, resentment, pity, grief, heavy-heartedness, distress, sorrow, anguish,
and vexation.
lOc. Anger, then, is a desire to take revenge on someone who appears
to have wronged [you] contrary to what is appropriate; spiritedness is
anger just beginning; irascibility is swollen anger; wrath is anger laid by
or saved up for a long time; rancour is anger which watches for an
opportunity for vengeance; bitterness is anger which breaks out immedi-
ately; sexual desire is an effort to gain love resulting from the appearance
of [physical] beauty; longing is a sexual love for someone who is absent;
yearning is a desire for contact with a friend who is absent; love of
pleasure is a desire for pleasures; love of wealth [is a desire] for wealth;
love of reputation for reputation.
Mean-spirited satisfaction is pleasure at someone else's misfortunes;
contentment is pleasure at what is unexpected; charm is deceptive pleasure
which comes via vision.
Hesitation is a fear of future action; agony is a fear of failure or,
otherwise, a fear of defeat; shock is a fear arising from a presentation of
something unfamiliar; shame is a fear of bad reputation; panic is fear
which hastens with the voice; superstition is a fear of gods and daimons;