Index 387
Confederation, 26, 28
Conference committee, 211–212
Conflict resolution, Congress
and, 199
Congress, 196–219. See also
House of Representatives, of
the United States; Senate, of
the United States
apportionment and, 205–209
bicameralism of, 197
budget and, 215–219
bureaucracy and control of by,
267
checks and balances, 34, 35
checks on courts and, 291–292
committees of
members of, selection of, 212
power of, 210
structure of, 209–212
types of, 210–212
contacting representative, 220
Democratic control of, 12,
160 –161, 30 0
earmarks and, 198
elections for, 197, 204–209
voter turnout and, 188, 189
foreign policy and balancing
president, 336–337
formal leadership in, 212–215
functions of, 197–199
conflict-resolution, 199
lawmaking, 197–198
oversight, 199
public-education, 199
representation function, 198
service to constituents, 199
incumbency and power of, 205,
206
iron triangles, 266
lawmaking, 197–198
bill becomes a law, 215–216
president as chief legislator
and, 230–232
logrolling, 198
members of
age of, 202, 204
compared to citizenry, 202–204
income and wealth of, 202, 204
minorities, 204
perks of, 202–203
privileges and immunities of,
203–204
professional staff, 203Closed primary, 182
Cloture, 201–202
Coattail effect, 186
Coercive Acts, 23
Cohort effect, 121
Colbert, Stephen, 132, 139
Cold War
defined, 327
superpower relations during, 338
Colleges
affirmative action and
admission, 290
campus speech and behavior
codes, 79
segregation, 96
student activity fees, 78–79
Colonial America
British taxation of, 23
Continental Congresses, 23
Declaration of Independence,
26–28
establishment of, 21–22
Mayflower compact, 21–22
rise of Republicanism, 27–28
Comedy Central, 132
Commander in chief, 228–229
Commerce
defined, 55
interstate, 55
intrastate, 55
Commerce clause, 40, 288
defined, 54
Gibbons v. Ogden, 54–55
limiting national government’s
authority under, 61
Commerce Department
functions of, 254
subagencies of, 254
Commercial speech, 75
Committee of Concerned
Journalists, 140
Common Cause, 149–150
Common law
defined, 272
tradition of, 272
Common Sense (Paine), 24–25
Communication Decency Act
(CDA), 77
Concurrent powers, 51
Concurring opinions, 281
Confederal system
defined, 46
flow of power in, 47history of, 259–261
merit system, 259
political campaigns and,
260–261
whistleblowers and, 263–264
Civil Service Commission,
259–260
Civil Service Reform Act
of 1883, 259–260
of 1978, 260, 263
Civil unions, 112
Civil War
civil liberties suspended during,
235
national government’s growth
and, 56
political parties during, 158
slavery and, 55–56
states’ rights and, 55–56
Class-action suits, 274–275
Clinton, Bill, 73, 184
appointments by, 103
approval rating of, 130
armed forces ordered by
to bomb Serbia, 228
to Bosnia, 228, 333
into combat without
congressional approval,
337
to Haiti, 228, 333
budget surplus during,
311–312
deregulation, 256
“don’t ask, don’t tell” policy, 111
election of
of 1992, 166
of 1996, 122
without majority of vote, 185,
226
as fund-raiser, 233
impeachment of, 238
judicial appointment and, 284,
285
line-item veto, 232
national health-insurance
system, 300–301
plan to end governmental
inefficiency, 248
welfare reform, 58
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 10, 103,
173, 240
Arab Spring and, 322–323
as Secretary of State, 3349781285436388_em_indx_383-410.indd 387 10/22/13 7:05 AM
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