390 Index
South Vietnam supported by, 334
Elastic clause, 49–50
Elections. See also Presidential
elections; Primary elections
economic issues influence on,
161
general, 173
organization and running of, by
political parties, 154
primary, 173
types of ballots, 186
Electoral college
choosing president, 225–226
criticism of, 185–186
defined, 34, 164
drafting Constitution and, 34
election of 2000, 161, 226
election of 2012, 163
electors, 185
unit rule, 164
winner-take-all system, 164
Electors, 164
choosing, 185
defined, 185
faithless, 185
Elite theory, 7
Emancipation Proclamation and,
93
Emergency powers, 235
Employment discrimination
Civil Rights Act and, 99
gender-based, 103–104
Enabling legislation, 264
Endangered Species Act, 265
Enemy combatant detainees,
278–279
Energy Department
functions of, 255
subagencies of, 255
Energy policy, 305–307
America’s reliance on foreign
oil, 305
disasters in energy industry,
306–307
fracking, 306
higher fuel efficiency standards
for vehicles, 306
legislation to limit greenhouse
gas emissions, 307
new U.S. production, 305–306
politics of expensive oil, 306
subsidies for alternative fuels,
306East Germany, 338
Economic aid, 321
Economic equality, 10
Economic interest groups,
146 –149
Economic policy, 308–315
deficit spending and public
debt, 310 –312
fiscal policy, 309–310
monetary policy, 312–314
politics of taxation, 314–315
Economic Report of the
President, 218
Economic status
liberalism and conservatism,
121–123
voting behavior and, 121–123
Economy
health care’s role in, 298–299
presidential elections and, 234
Education
affirmative action and college
admission, 290
aid to church-related schools,
69–70
busing, 97
forbidding teaching of
evolution, 72
No Child Left Behind Act, 58
political socialization and, 119
school integration and, 96,
290–291
school prayer and, 71–72
school vouchers, 70–71
separate-but-equal doctrine, 96
voting behavior and, 123
Education Department
functions of, 255
subagencies of, 255
Egalitarianism, 10
Egypt
Arab Spring, 322
dictatorial rule in, 3
unitary system of government
in, 46
Eighth Amendment, 68, 84, 85
Eisenhower, Dwight, 160, 227,
228
cabinet of, 239
pact with vice president
regarding incapacity of,
242
school integration and, 96, 291Direct democracy
dangers of, 5
defined, 4
Direct primary, 181, 205
Direct techniques of interest
g roups, 151–152
Discharge petition, 210
Discouraged workers, 308
Discretionary fiscal policy, 309
Discrimination
affirmative action and, 107–109
dealing with, 113
employment, 99
gender and, 100–101
housing, 99
against potential jurors, 275
race and, 93–100, 104–107
reverse, 108
sexual orientation and, 110–112
wage, 104
Dissenting opinion, 281
District courts, United States,
276
Diversity of citizenship, 274
Divided government, 157, 160–
161
Divided opinion, 117, 118
Dole, Robert, 122
Domestic policy, 298–307
defined, 297
energy and environment,
305–307
health care and, 298–303
immigration, 303–305
promotional policy, 298
redistributive policy, 297–298
regulatory policy, 297
Domestic Policy Council, 240
Dominant culture, 8
Double jeopardy, 68, 85
Douglas, William O., 81, 262
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 93
Dual federalism, 57
Due process, limits on rights of,
and deportees, 87–88
Due process clause, 94E
Earmarked expenditures, 154
Congress evading ban on, 218
defined, 198
Earned Income Tax Program, 316
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