406 Index
Silver, Nate, 234
Sixteenth Amendment, 200, 291
Sixth Amendment, 68, 80, 84, 85
Slander, 77–78
Slavery/slaves
Civil War and, 55–56, 158
Connecticut Compromise, 32
consequences of, for African
Americans, 94–97
drafting Constitution and,
32–33
Emancipation Proclamation
and, 93
end of, 93
three-fifths compromise, 32–33
Whig Party and, 158
SNAP (Supplementary Nutrition
Assistance Program), 250
Social contract, 27
Socialism
defined, 15
on traditional political
spectrum, 15
Social movements
civil rights movement, 145, 160
consumer, 149
defined, 145
labor movement, 146
Social networking, impact on
public opinion, 120
Social Security
as entitlement program, 12
entitlement reform, 317
federal budget spent on, 250, 251
income caps and, 315
taxes for, 314, 315
Socioeconomic status
defined, 192
voter behavior and, 121–125
Sodomy laws, 110
Soft money
defined, 177
restricted by Bipartisan
Campaign Reform Act, 177
Solar energy, 306
Solicitor general, 280
Solidary incentives for joining
interest groups, 145
Somalia, absence of central
government in, 2
Sotomayor, Sonia, 41, 103, 285,
288
Sound bite, 135rules of, 201
senatorial courtesy, 282
seniority system, 212
separation of powers, 34
size of, 201
vice president as president of,
214, 241
whips in, 215
winning seat in, cost of, 205
Senate majority leader, 215
Senate minority leader, 215
Senatorial courtesy, 282
Seniority system, 212
Separate-but-equal doctrine, 40,
95
Separation of church and state,
69–73
Separation of powers, 34
Separatists, 21
September 11, 2001 terrorist
attacks, 324
al Qaeda and, 320
big government and, 11
changed view of security and
foreign policy afterwards,
320–321
CIA failure to obtain advance
knowledge of, 336
enemy combatants detainees,
278–279
powers of FISA court expanded
after, 278
reasons for attack, 324
rights of noncitizens, 105
security vs. privacy rights after,
9
spending on security
afterwards, 312
sunshine laws after, 261
Taliban government in
Afghanistan, 320
Sequester, 219, 253
Serbia, American bombing of, 228
Service sector, 146
Seventeenth amendment, 197
Sexual harassment, 103–104
Sharon, Ariel, 331
Shays, Daniel, 30
Shays’ Rebellion, 30
Sherman, Roger, 32
Shiites in Iraq, 325
Sierra Club, 149, 275
Signing statements, 237Second Gulf War. See Iraq War
(Second Gulf War)
Security
vs. civil liberties, 86–88
national security policy, 321
Segregation
buses, 97
de facto, 97
de jure, 97
school integration and, 96
separate-but-equal doctrine,
95, 96
Select committee, 211
Senate, of the United States. See
also Congress
budget and, 215–219
checks and balances, 34, 35
cloture, 201–202
committees of, 209–212
contacting representative, 220
debate in, 201–202
differences between House of
Representatives and, 201
elections for, 204–209
filibustering in, 201, 202
incumbency and power of, 205,
206
judicial appointment and,
281–287
leadership in, 214–215
lobbying rules, 153–154
majority leader of, 215
members of
age of, 202, 204
election of, 197
income and wealth of, 202,
204
minorities, 204
perks of, 202–203
privileges and immunities of,
203–204
professional staff, 203
religion of, 204
term of, 197
women as, 102–103, 204
minority leader of, 215
nuclear option, 285
powers of, 200
president pro tempore of, 214
ratification of treaties and,
229–230
reconciliation, 202
requirements for office, 1729781285436388_em_indx_383-410.indd 406 10/22/13 7:05 AM
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