S. According to Scandinavian historians, Leif Eriksson landed in a wooded part of North
America in the year 1000 CE.
T. This was the age when the Vikings had already established themselves as a seafaring nation
and periodically raided neighboring countries such as England.
U. Eriksson reputedly set sail with a crew of 35 men to find a mysterious island sighted in the
Atlantic Ocean by earlier explorers.
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The special effects used in today’s movies would have been unimaginable as recently as ten years ago.
Q. The advent of movie soundtracks in the late 1920s marked the end of these “silent” movies and
added an exciting new element to the moviemaking process.
R. Nonetheless, even back in the era of the silent film, movie makers had at their disposal a
complex mixture of musical and dramatic effects.
S. Just a few years later, films grew more elaborate still when the introduction of color film
added a new visual dimension and corresponding complications to the art form.
T. This innovation presented an enormous challenge to movie makers because they needed to
consider both the scripted dialogue and its delivery by actors far more carefully than in
previous works.
U. Of course, the presence of music meant that “silent” movies were not actually silent.
3.
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One irony of war is that this greatest of human tragedies often leads to breakthroughs in science.
Q. In World War I, the sheer number of casualties led to advances in the treatment of bleeding and
shock.
R. However, medicine is not the only science that has advanced in the wake of war, as illustrated
by the development of rockets—later used for space exploration—by German scientists during
World War II.
S. Medics adjusted to this problem by developing techniques to quickly staunch bleeding.
T. In the field of medicine, for example, war has often accelerated scientific understanding of
disease and injury.
U. Field surgeons found that most fatalities occurred not from the direct physical damage of bullet
wounds but from a loss of blood.
4.
