bipedalism 161, 184
birds 181,197–200
brooding behavior 198
evolution of 197
flightless species 200
reproduction 199
Black Sea 254
blastoids 113, 130, 278g
blue-green algae 25, 30, 92
Blue Ridge Mountains, North
Carolina 160
blueschist 43, 44
blue whales 242, 243
Bonanza King Formation,
California 97
boulder fan 273
boulder train 273
brachiopods 75, 76 , 97 , 217,
279g
articulates 75, 129
extinction of 132, 173
lophophore 129
mantle 129
pedicel 129
valves 129
brachiosaurs 206
Brooks Range, Alaska 98
bryophytes 107, 279g
bryozoans 89, 90 , 129, 216,
279g
cheilostomes 216
cyclostomes 216
budding 89
Burgess Shale Formation,
Canada 76
Burgess Shale fauna 79–82
C
calcareous nannoplankton
232
Caledonian mountains 138
Caledonian orogeny 102–103,
103m
California
Bonanza King Formation
97
Carrara Formation 72
Coast Ranges 247
Death Valley 224
Kern Canyon 212
San Andreas Fault 101, 247,
249
Shark’s Tooth Hill 128
Sierra Nevada Range 212,
247
Cambrian 67 ,66–84
explosion 54, 55, 79, 279g
marine fauna 68
paleontology 71-79
rocks of 94
camels 239
camptosaur 161 , 183, 184
Canada
Acasta gneiss 41
Burgess Shale Formation
76
Cape Smith 63
Dome Glacier 270
Great Bear Lake 64
Great Slave r egion 40, 41
Lake Agassis 265
Mackenzie Mountains 63
Manicouagan impact 189
Shield 36, 38
Cape Mountains,Africa 102
Cape Smith, Canada 63
carbonaceous chondrites 19,
231, 279g
Carboniferous period
142–158
glaciation 131
oxygen levels 147
swamps 143Carmel Formation, Utah 182
carnosaurs 183
Carpathians 251
Carrara Formation, California
72
Cascade Range,Washington
249, 250
catfish 136
Cenozoic era 279g
Central American Seaway
227
cephalopods 76, 191, 218, 279g
cetaceans 241
Channel Scablands,
Washington 265
Charcarilla Formation, Chile
187
Chattanooga Shale Formation
138
cheilostomes 216
chert 27, 42, 279g
Chickaloon Formation, Alaska
240
Chicxulub impact structure
231
Chile
Charcarilla Formation 187
China 100
Chinle Formation, Utah 164
Chinle River 193
chlorite 39
chlorophyll 35
chloroplasts 30
chordates 86
Chulitna, Alaska 33
cilia 33
cirques 270, 279g
clams 191
cleavage 73
Climatic Optimum 267
Clinton Iron Formation 193
club mosses 107, 108, 146Index