xxii Contents11 Th e Emergence of Cities and States
and States 252Defining Civilization 254
Tikal: A Case Study 257
Surveying and Excavating the Site 258
Evidence from the Excavation 259
Cities and Cultural Change 262
Agricultural Innovation 262
Diversification of Labor 262
Central Government 263
Social Stratification 268
The Making of States 269
Ecological Theories 269
Action Theory 270
Civilization and Its Discontents 271
Social Stratification and Disease 272
Colonialism and Disease 272
Anthropology and Cities of the Future 272Original Study: Action Archaeology and the Community at
El Pilar 260
Anthropology Applied: Tell It to the Marines: Teaching
Troops about Cultural Heritage 270
Biocultural Connection: Perilous Pigs: The Introduction of
Swine-Borne Disease to the Americas 274Questions for Reflection 275
Suggested Readings 275The Cultural Evidence 210
Coexistence and Cultural Continuity 211
Race and Human Evolution 212
Upper Paleolithic Technology 213
Upper Paleolithic Art 215
Music 216
Cave or Rock Art 216
Ornamental Art 220
Gender and Art 220
Other Aspects of Upper Paleolithic Culture 220
The Spread of Upper Paleolithic Peoples 221
The Sahul 221
The Americas 222
Major Paleolithic Trends 225Anthropologists of Note: Berhane Asfaw and Xinzhi Wu 208
Original Study: Paleolithic Paint Job 218
Biocultural Connection: Paleolithic Prescriptions for the
Diseases of Civilization 226Questions for Reflection 227
Suggested Readings 227Chapter 10 The Neolithic Revolution: The10 Th e Neolithic Revolution: Th e Domestication of Plants and Animals
The Mesolithic Roots of Farming and Pastoralism 230
The Neolithic Revolution 231
Domestication: What Is It? 232
Evidence of Early Plant Domestication 232
Evidence of Early Animal Domestication 233
Why Humans Became Food Producers 233
The Fertile Crescent 235
Other Centers of Domestication 237
Food Production and Population Size 242
The Spread of Food Production 244
The Culture of Neolithic Settlements 244
Jericho: An Early Farming Community 244
Neolithic Material Culture 246
Neolithic Social Structure 247
Neolithic Culture in the Americas 247
The Neolithic and Human Biology 248
The Neolithic and the Idea of Progress 250Anthropology Applied: The Real Dirt on Rainforest
Fertility 240
Biocultural Connection: Breastfeeding, Fertility,
and Beliefs 243
Original Study: History of Mortality and Physiological
Stress 248Questions for Reflection 251
Suggested Readings 25112 Modern Human Diversity: Race and Racism
and Racism 276The History of Human Classification 278
Race as a Biological Concept 281
Conflation of the Biological into the Cultural Category
of Race 282© Michael Conye/Getty Images12196_FM_pi-xliii.indd xxii12196_FM_pi-xliii.indd xxii 2/4/10 1:41:46 AM2/4/10 1:41:46 AM