354 Indexsickle-cell anemia, 47–50, 48 , 49 , 272, 289, 300
Sidell, Nancy, 108
SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome), 8 , 8, 312
Sillen, Andrew, 187–188
Sima de los Huesos site, 102 , 172 , 190, 192, 211
Simons, Elwyn, 138
Simpson, Sherry, 103–105
sites (archaeological), 105–107
Sivapithecus, 138 , 138–139, 140
Sizer, Nelson, 285
skeletons, 64–66, 65 , 113 , 114, 146 , 154 , 268–269
Skhul site, 212
skin color, 292–297, 294
skulls
anatomical modernity determined by, 203
of Australopithecus, 157
bipedalism inferred from, 145–147, 148
and coexistence/cultural continuity
theories, 212
Cro-Magnon, 205
fossil group relationships, 148, 157
H. erectus, 182 , 195
H. sapiens, 195 , 207 , 212–213
Kenyanthropus platyops, 158, 158
language indicated by, 189
of Lucy’s baby, 155
modern, 200
of Native Americans, 225
Neandertal, 173, 193 , 193–196, 199–200,
205, 207
and the Piltdown hoax, 150–151
and the Taung child, 150
of Toumai, 141, 150
Trinil skull cap, 180
See also brains; cranium
slash-and-burn agriculture, 72, 241
slash-and-char agriculture, 241
slavery, 11, 278
Small, Meredith, 63, 135
smell (sense), 62, 64, 65 , 313
Snow, Clyde C., 11
social class/stratification, 253, 268, 272–273
soil marks, 107
Soto, Hernando de, 274
South America
Chagas disease in, 273
continental drift, 130
Darwin in, 32
gene flow, 44
genocide in, 284
human populations, 224
metal use, 263
plant domestication, 229, 237–238, 238
primates, 132, 136
skulls from, 113
See also Amazonia; forests; Inca civilization;
New World monkeys; rainforests
spear thrower (atlatal), 214 , 214–215
spears, 177, 191, 195–196, 225, 263
speciation, 123, 124–127
species, defined, 28
speech. See language
Spencer, Herbert, 45–46
spirituality. See religion; rituals; the supernatural
Springen, Karen, 44
stabilizing selection, 46 , 46–47
Stanford, Craig, 94
state-nation distinctions, 24
states, 269–271
stereoscopic vision, 62
Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 17 , 17
Stone Age. See Paleolithic era
stone tools for modern surgeons, 196 , 196
Stone-Bronze-Iron Age series, 117
Stonehenge, 247, 247
Stoneking, Mark, 139
stratified sites, 107, 110
stratigraphy, 115, 116
Strepsirhini suborder, 58 , 59See also Amish culture; Christianity;
Hinduism; Maya civilization; the
supernatural
reproduction. See sexual reproduction
reproductive success, 46
reproductive tourism, 44
reptiles, 56, 57 , 127–132, 131 , 167
retroviruses, 36
ribosomes, 35
Ridley, Matt, 35
rituals
behaviors relating to, 226
of burial/cremation, 11, 190, 192
among chimpanzees, 83
evidence of, in Jericho, 226
and infertility, 44
See also the supernatural
RNA (ribonucleic acid), 34–35, 35
Roberts, Elizabeth, 44
Robinson, John, 159
Robinson, Robert, 159
robust australopithecus. See Australopithecus
robustus
rock art, 216 , 217 , 217–220
See also cave art
Roosevelt, Anna, 248
Rosen, Nick, 23
Rosenbaum, Levy Izhak, 23
r-selection, 132
Sagan, Carl, 130
sagittal crest, 159, 160 , 182
Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 140, 141, 146, 161
Sahlins, Marshall, 234
Sahul landmass, 221–222, 222 , 224
St. Lawrence villages, 108 , 108
Salisbury, Neal, 274
same-sex marriage, 24
See also homosexuality
Sapolsky, Robert M., 86–87
Sarich, Vince, 138–139
Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, 91 , 200
savannahs, 152, 155, 163–165, 175–176, 226, 296
Save the Chimps rescue organization, 76
scapula, 66, 113 , 155
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, 23
Schliemann, Heinrich, 107
secular trends, 302–303
sedentary living patterns
and disease, 229
and domestication, 229–231, 235, 242, 246,
249–250
seed plants, 132
Selassie, Y. Haile, 161
Semaw, Sileshi, 175 , 208
Semenov, S. A., 112
seriation, 116 , 117
sex cells, 42
sexual bonding. See pair bonding
sexual dimorphism
in A. afarensis, 154 , 154
defined, 61, 78
in anthropoids, 136
in Australopithecus, 164
in baboons, 78
in early humans, 183, 190
gendered theories of, 88
in gorillas, 169
in H. habilis, 169
in primates, 85, 125
sexual relations. See homosexuality; same-sex
marriage
sexual reproduction, 37–40, 42, 46, 87–89,
288–289, 304
Shanidar cave site, 197–198, 211–212, 234
Sheehan, Glenn, 103
Sheets, Payson, 196
Shostak, Marjorie, 226
siamangs, 56, 59–60, 71, 79, 124prehensile limbs, 66, 68 , 69–70
prehistory, defined, 100
pressure flaking tools, 203, 213, 213
primary innovation, 231
primates
defined, 28
overview, 53–74
arboreal, 57–58, 60–61, 64–69, 71, 87
behavior of, 76–96
biogeography, 54
in captivity, 54–55, 60, 72, 74
care of young, 88–89
characteristics, 30 , 53, 56, 60–66, 61 , 62 , 65
classification, 57–59
communication, 55, 89–95
conservation of, 53–54, 71–74
development of, 9, 88–89, 89
early appearance of, 123–124, 130, 133
ethical issues, 54–56
home ranges, 80, 80
in human evolution, 78
as hunters, 94–95
learning in, 89–95
living primates, 56–71
as mammals, 53, 56–57
New World, 136
Old World, 59–60, 140
reconciliation among, 82–83
rise of, 132–136
sexual behavior, 82, 82 , 84–86
social interaction, 56, 61, 70, 74, 77–84, 94
See also apes; humans; macroevolution,
overview; monkeys
primatology, 7–9
prions, 314–315
process of change. See cultural change
proconsul hominoids, 136, 137 , 140
Profet, Margie, 312–313
prosimians, 58 , 58–62, 60 , 61 , 64–66, 65 , 88, 128,
133 , 133–136
Pruetz, Jill, 94
Prusiner, Stanley, 314
psychological anthropology, 226
punctuated equilibria, 126
Punnett, Reginald, 39
Qafzeh cave site, 211 , 211–212
Quechua Indians, 9, 303–304
race, 24, 276, 281–288, 294–296
See also classification, of humans; genes
“Race and Progress” (Boas), 280
racism, 17, 24, 278–280, 279 , 284–288,
285 , 300
See also apartheid; ethnocentrism; genes
radiocarbon dating, 108, 116 , 117–118, 231
rainforests
adaptation to, 304
African, 166
fertility, 240
human impact on, 129
as primate habitats, 71, 73, 86, 94, 124, 133
of South America, 240–241
Ramapithecus, 138 , 138–140
Ramenofsky, Anne, 274
rape, 87, 274
Rapp, Rayna, 37
recessive alleles, 39, 41, 46
reconciliation among primates, 82–83
red (color), 63
reflexivity, 18
Registered Partnership Act, 24
relative dating methods, 114, 115–117, 116
Relethford, John, 209
religion
and centralized government, 271
compounding disease, 273
creation myths, 28
in man-the-hunter thesis, 17912196_IND_p346-356.indd 35412196_IND_p346-356.indd 354 2/4/10 12:29:00 PM2/4/10 12:29:00 PM