Evolution And History

Index 355

Upper Paleolithic era

art, 189, 215–220, 216 , 217

in Asia, 215

ceremonial objects of, 198

clothing in, 221

coexistence/continuity in, 212, 222

Cro-Magnon skeletons from, 204

culture, 203–205

diversity in, 215

in Europe, 215, 217

human proliferation, 203, 221–227, 250

hunting in, 213–215

huts, 220–221, 221

and modern humans, 200, 203, 204–205

and Neandertals, 210

tools, 196 , 196, 200, 203–204, 213–215, 214

See also Yuchanyan cave site

Upper Pleistocene period, 211–212

uranium series dating, 116

urban centers. See cities; civilization(s)

Urban Dictionary, 14

urbanization. See cities

van Balen, Frank, 44

variation (human), 9, 49, 277–278, 281, 282 , 287

variational change, 126

Vaught, Louis Allen, 285

vegeculture, 237, 238

Venus figures, 202 , 217, 220

Verner, Samuel, 279

vertebrates, 64

Vindija site, 210

violent conflict. See war/warfare

vision, 62 , 62–64, 67 , 68, 68 , 71

visual predation hypothesis, 133

vocalization, 89

Waldbaum, Jane C., 270

Wallace, Alfred Russel, 32, 223

war/warfare, 72, 260, 273

waste disposal, 259, 270–272, 272 , 275

Watson, James, 33

Weidenreich, Franz, 185, 208

Wells, Spencer, 209

Wheeler, Peter, 164–167

Wilkins, Maurice, 33

Willandra Lakes site, 222 , 222–223

Wilson, Allan, 138–139, 139

witchcraft. See the supernatural

Wolpoff, Milford, 194 , 205, 208

women. See gender

women’s rights, 88

Woods, William I., 240

World Heritage sites, 224

Worthman, Carol, 243

Wrangham, Richard, 95

writing systems, 266 , 266–268, 267

Wu, Xinzhi, 208

Yanomami Indians, 284

Yuchanyan cave site, 231 , 231–232, 232

Zelson, Amy, 11

Zhoukoudian cave site, 103, 178, 181 , 185 ,

185–186, 208

Zihlman, Adrienne, 176

Zinjanthropus boisei, 160

Z-twist decoration, 113

Zulus’ HIV/AIDS treatment, 19–20

Zuni Indians, 17

in Eurasia, 225

in evolution, 124, 137, 225–226

by genus Homo, 173–175

by H. erectus, 186–187

by H. habilis, 173–175

by H. sapiens, 173

hafting as, 192

and hand development, 66

and language, 8

Levalloisian technique, 191 , 191, 191 , 192 ,

195, 211

Mesolithic, 230–232

Mousterian tradition, 195 , 195–199, 204,

210, 211

Neolithic, 246

Oldowan tradition, 149, 174–175, 177, 186

percussion method, 174 , 174–175, 175

pressure flaking technique, 203, 213 , 213

specialization in, 226

Upper Paleolithic, 196 , 196, 200, 203–204,

213–215, 214

tool use

by apes, 77–78, 92–94, 93 , 105, 163

and brain evolution, 180

of the earliest human ancestor, 138

by genus Homo, 169–170, 173–175, 198–200

and hand development, 66

by human ancestors, 138

Middle Paleolithic, 199–200

by Neandertals, 173, 200, 204

primate culture indicated by, 77–78

Upper Paleolithic, 200

Torralba site, 188

touch (sense), 64

Toumai (human ancestor), 140 , 141 , 141, 150

tourism, 23, 44, 55–56, 223, 261–262

transcription, 35

translation (genetic), 35

transplant tourism, 23

Triassic period, 130, 131

Trinil site, 184

Trouillot, Rolph, 284

Turkey, 14, 24, 106, 186, 236–237, 255

Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 300 , 300

twins, 287–288

Umatilla Indian Reservation, 115

UNESCO World Heritage Group, 223, 224

uniformitarianism, 31

United States

anthropology programs, 4, 17

archaeology, 107

consumer culture, 316

diabetes in, 290

environmental protection in, 16, 107

hazardous chemicals in, 318–319

housewife labor, 13

infant care in, 8 , 8, 57

Iraqi artifacts in, 265

male dominance, 14

medical culture, 313

Ota Benga in, 279 , 279–280

polygamy in, 164

prehistoric roadways in, 106

racism/racial segregation, 24, 300

reproductive rights in, 37

sickle-cell anemia in, 300

swine flu in, 248

swine-borne diseases in, 245

See also Native Americans; Obama, Barack

stress, 43, 248–249

Strier, Karen, 68

structural violence, 316

Strum, Shirley, 74

S-twist decoration, 113

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 8, 8 , 312

Sunda, 221–222, 222

the supernatural

in cave/rock art, 217

in Maya civilization, 259, 271

See also religion

survival of the fittest, 45–46

suspensory hanging apparatus, 66, 70

swidden farming. See slash-and-burn agriculture

swine-borne diseases, 245, 250 , 274

See also pigs

symbolic life of Neandertals, 196–198

tails, 30 , 58, 61 , 67–70, 68 , 79, 83, 137

Tanner, Nancy, 176

Tanzania, 103, 136, 147 , 147–149, 190

See also chimpanzees; Gombe Stream

Chimpanzee Reserve; Goodall, Jane;

Olduvai Gorge site

taphonomy, 102

tarsiers, 59 , 67, 67

taste (sense in mammals), 64

Taung child, 150 , 178, 180

taxonomies, 29, 31, 57–60, 58 , 59 , 67 , 69, 137,

150, 168, 181

See also classification

teeth

anthropoid, 61, 69, 136

of Australopithecus, 157

dentistry development, 248

filed/sharpened, 279, 279

in Homo genus, 183–192

as identification tool, 130, 136, 139–140,

152, 157

and language, 189

mammals, 56–57

of Neandertal, 279

of Neolithic people, 248

primate, 57, 57 , 60 , 60–61, 62 , 130

See also dental formulas

Teotihuacan, 256 , 256–257, 260

terra preta do Indio, 240–241, 241

tertiary scavenger, 177

theory, defined, 16

thermoluminescence, 116

Thornton, Russell, 274

thrifty genotype, 291–292

Tikal, 106, 109 , 111 , 117 , 256–261, 258 , 259 , 267

Tiwanaku empire (South America), 113

Tobias, P. V., 156–157

tool making

Acheulean technique, 186 , 186–187, 191,

196, 211

in Africa, 174 , 180, 186, 191, 195–196, 203, 215

African origins of, 180

by apes, 93–94

in Asia, 186, 191, 195–196

Aurignacian technique, 210, 211

in Australia, 203

blade techniques, 196, 196 , 203–205, 213, 213 ,

215, 230–231, 246

burins used in, 203

in China, 191, 195–196

and civilization, 137

earliest evidence of, 169

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