Chapter 2, page 55
Figure 2.10 Constructivist principles of the learner, learning environments, and the role of others.
Learners As Figure 2.10 illustrates, the first three principles focus on the learning
processes. These principles focus on how learners construct their own understandings.
Learners actively construct their own understandings of the world. The first and most central
principle of constructivism is that learners are actively engaged in constructing their own understandings
of the world (e.g., Piaget, 1970/1983; Wittrock, 1992). This understanding is based on their past
experiences and knowledge. Their unique perceptions, therefore, influence how all students construct their
Learning Environments- Learning environments should
promote inquiry and the use of higher-
order thinking processes. - Learning environments should
center around learners’ choices and
learning goals. - Tasks should be authentic and
relevant to learners’ lives.
The Learner- Learners construct their own
understandings of the world. - Knowledge construction is advanced
by problems and challenges. - Learners learn most when engaged in
higher-order thinking.
Role of Others- Students facilitate each others’
learning. - Teachers are facilitators and
orchestrators, not information
providers.