Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

The Endocrine System

223

Student Objectives (Continued)

• State the functions of thyroxine and T 3 , and
  describe the stimulus for their secretion.


• Explain how parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
  work as antagonists.


• Explain how insulin and glucagon work as antago-
  nists.


• State the functions of epinephrine and norepineph-
  rine, and explain their relationship to the sympa-
  thetic division of the autonomic nervous system.


• State the functions of aldosterone and cortisol, and
  describe the stimulus for secretion of each.


• State the functions of estrogen, progesterone,
  testosterone, and inhibin and state the stimulus for
  secretion of each.


• Explain what prostaglandins are made of, and state
  some of their functions.


• Explain how the protein hormones are believed to
  exert their effects.


• Explain how the steroid hormones are believed to
  exert their effects.

New Terminology

Alpha cells (AL-fah SELLS)
Beta cells (BAY-tah SELLS)
Catecholamines (KAT-e-kohl-ah-MEENZ)
Corpus luteum (KOR-pus LOO-tee-um)

Gluconeogenesis (GLOO-koh-nee-oh-JEN-i-sis)

Glycogenesis (GLIGH-koh-JEN-i-sis)

Glycogenolysis (GLIGH-ko-jen-OL-i-sis)

Hypercalcemia (HIGH-per-kal-SEE-mee-ah)

Hyperglycemia (HIGH-per-gligh-SEE-mee-ah)

Hypocalcemia (HIGH-poh-kal-SEE-mee-ah)

Hypoglycemia (HIGH-poh-gligh-SEE-mee-ah)

Hypophysis (high-POFF-e-sis)

Islets of Langerhans (EYE-lets of LAHNG-er-hanz)

Prostaglandins (PRAHS-tah-GLAND-ins)

Renin-angiotensin mechanism (REE-nin AN-jee-

oh-TEN-sin)

Sympathomimetic (SIM-pah-tho-mi-MET-ik)

Target organ (TAR-get OR-gan)

Related Clinical Terminology

Acromegaly (AK-roh-MEG-ah-lee)

Addison’s disease (ADD-i-sonz)

Cretinism (KREE-tin-izm)

Cushing’s syndrome (KOOSH-ingz SIN-drohm)

Diabetes mellitus (DYE-ah-BEE-tis mel-LY E-tus)

Giantism (JIGH-an-tizm)

Goiter (GOY-ter)

Graves’ disease (GRAYVES)

Ketoacidosis (KEY-toh-ass-i-DOH-sis)

Myxedema (MIK-suh-DEE-mah)

Pituitary dwarfism (pi-TOO-i-TER-ee DWORF-

izm)

Terms that appear in bold typein the chapter text are defined in the glossary, which begins on page 547.