Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

The Respiratory System 365

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. State the three functions of the nasal mucosa.
   (p. 344)


2. Name the three parts of the pharynx; state whether
   each is an air passage only or an air and food pas-
   sage. (pp. 344–346)


3. Name the tissue that lines the larynx and trachea,
   and describe its function. State the function of the
   cartilage of the larynx and trachea. (p. 346)


4. Name the pleural membranes, state the location
   of each, and describe the functions of serous fluid.
   (pp. 347)


5. Name the tissue of which the alveoli and pul-
   monary capillaries are made, and explain the
   importance of this tissue in these locations. Explain
   the function of pulmonary surfactant. (p. 347)


6. Name the respiratory muscles, and describe how
   they are involved in normal inhalation and exhala-
   tion. Define these pressures and relate them to a
   cycle of breathing: atmospheric pressure, intrapul-
   monic pressure. (pp. 348–349)


7. Describe external respiration in terms of partial
   pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide. (p. 355)


8. Describe internal respiration in terms of partial
   pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide. (p. 355)
   9. Name the cell, protein, and mineral that transport
   oxygen in the blood. State the three factors
   that increase the release of oxygen in tissues.
   (pp. 355–356)


9. Most carbon dioxide is transported in what part of
   the blood, and in what form? Explain the function
   of hemoglobin with respect to carbon dioxide
   transport. (p. 358)


10. Name the respiratory centers in the medulla and
    pons, and explain how each is involved in a
    breathing cycle. (p. 358)


11. State the location of chemoreceptors affected by a
    low blood oxygen level; describe the body’s
    response to hypoxia and its purpose. State the
    location of chemoreceptors affected by a high
    blood CO 2 level; describe the body’s response and
    its purpose. (p. 360)


12. For respiratory acidosis and alkalosis: state a cause
    and explain what happens to the pH of body flu-
    ids. (p. 361)


13. Explain how the respiratory system may compen-
    sate for metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. For an
    ongoing pH imbalance, what is the limit of respi-
    ratory compensation? (pp. 361)

FOR FURTHER THOUGHT

1. The success of an organ transplant depends on
   many factors. What factor would diminish the
   chance of success of a lung transplant, but is not a
   factor at all in a heart transplant?


2. Name four types of tissues that contribute to the
   functioning of the lungs, and describe the physical
   characteristics of each that are important. Name
   two types of cells that are also important to the
   functioning of the lungs.
   3. As recently as 45 years ago (the early 1960s)
   it was believed that mouth-to-mouth resusci-
   tation was not really helpful to another per-
   son. What mistaken belief about the air we exhale
   contributed to that thinking, and what are the
   facts?
   4. You are making a list of vital organs, organs we can-
   not live without. Should you include the larynx on
   your list? Explain why or why not.

piration increases the CO 2 exhaled, which de-

creases the formation of H+ions and raises pH.

Occurs during hyperventilation or when first at a

high altitude.

3. Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis:

increased respiration to exhale CO 2 to decrease H+

ion formation to raise pH to normal.

4. Respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis:
   decreased respiration to retain CO 2 to increase H+
   ion formation to lower pH to normal.