Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

CHAPTER 2

Chapter Outline

Elements
Atoms
Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Disulfide Bonds and Hydrogen Bonds
Chemical Reactions
Inorganic Compounds of Importance
Water
Water Compartments
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Cell Respiration
Trace Elements
Acids, Bases, and pH
Buffer systems
Organic Compounds of Importance
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
ATP

BOX2–1 BLOOD GASES

BOX2–2 NITRIC OXIDE

BOX2–3 LIPIDS IN THE BLOOD

BOX2–4 A PROTEIN MYSTERY:PRIONS

Student Objectives

• Define the terms element, atom, proton, neutron, and
  electron.


• Describe the formation and purpose of ionic
  bonds, covalent bonds, disulfide bonds, and hydro-
  gen bonds.


• Describe what happens in synthesis and decompo-
  sition reactions.


• Explain the importance of water to the function-
  ing of the human body.


• Name and describe the water compartments.


• Explain the roles of oxygen and carbon dioxide in
  cell respiration.


• State what trace elements are, and name some,
  with their functions.


• Explain the pH scale. State the normal pH ranges
  of body fluids.


• Explain how a buffer system limits great changes
  in pH.


• Describe the functions of monosaccharides, disac-
  charides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.


• Describe the functions of true fats, phospholipids,
  and steroids.


• Describe the functions of proteins, and explain
  how enzymes function as catalysts.


• Describe the functions of DNA, RNA, and ATP.

22