438 Policies, Processes and Institutions
nature
A–B cleavage 25–6
co-production 142
facilitating sustainability 306, 309–11
global modelling 404, 405, 412
People’s Biodiversity Registers 194–5, 200–6
rural livelihoods 383
social relations 39–40, 43
strong sustainability 62–4
systems thinking 34, 39–40, 42–3
Naurangdeshar Canal System 82–3, 84
Ned Agro-Industrial Development Project
(NAIDP) 267–9
Ned Landcare Association (NLCA) 271
Ned Landcare Programme 262, 264, 266–79
negative externalities 344–5
see also external costs
nematodes 32
Netherlands 167–8, 170–3
Netting, F.E. 42
networks 146–8, 150–2, 154–7, 160–1, 165–6,
314–15
New Mexico state 17
NGOs see non-governmental organizations
Nitrate Sensitive Areas (NSAs) 345
Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) 344–5
NLCA see Ned Landcare Association
non-agency 149
non-economic benefits, rice systems 189–90
nonfarm activities 341, 342
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 103–4,
196, 206–7, 210–11
non-substantive sustainability 56, 57–9, 65
Nordic region Agroecology programme 291–9
Norfolk Area Land Management Initiative 352
Norgaard, - 418
normative perspective
extension 219–21, 224
institutional change 93, 97–9
past/present/future 136–8, 141
sustainability 65–6
Norsemen, Greenland 303–4, 313
North America 9, 17–19, 285
see also United States of America
North American Free Trade Agreement 285
Norton, Bryan G. 43, 45, 54, 63
Norway 294, 297
Norwegian University for Life Sciences 294
NRM see natural resource management
NSAs see Nitrate Sensitive Areas
nursery management 277
nutrient management 361–3
see also soil fertility management
nutritional benefits, rice systems 189
NVS see natural vegetative strips
NVZs see Nitrate Vulnerable Zones
objectivity 42, 44, 123, 311, 313–14
obligations in land ethics 19
observation methods 123, 272, 275
one-time soil recapitalization strategy 364–5
one-world economy 284
on-farm development (OFD) 70
on-farm research 105
ontology 54–5
open learning research approach 86–7, 102
open systems 38
optimization 60–1
orans 201, 202, 206
ordering process 137–42, 145–58, 160–1, 169
Oregan Health Sciences Hospital 297
organic farming 10, 26, 162–6, 290, 341–3
organisms in systems thinking 38
organizational arrangements 226, 230, 384, 387–
8
O’Riordan, - 399, 422
Orissa State, India 199, 202, 207, 208–9
O[strike through]stergaard, Edvin 290–9
Ostrom, E. 205
‘otherness’ 43
outlet management 73, 76–8
outputs see input/output relations
‘outsider’ roles 94–7
Panchayat Raj 205–6
paradigms
innovation 311–13, 315–16
sustainability concepts 56
parallel investigation methods 123–4
Parker, M. 294
participant checking 124–5
participation/participatory processes 6–8, 93–
213
futurist ideology 417
holism 46
interpretations of 116–19
Landcare Programme 261–80
multiple visioning 424
participatory learning 109–34
soil-fertility management 385, 388
subsidized 330–1
typology 117–18
Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRAs) 119,
195
passive participation 117, 118–19
past/present/future 136–83
Patil, R.K. 80, 82
payments
agri-environmental schemes 340–1
local externalities 332
participation 330–1
stewardship 11, 342–3, 344–9, 351
see also subsidies
PBRs see People’s Biodiversity Registers
Peace 2010 contest 422
pedagogy ‘of no mercy’ 296
People’s Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) 8, 194–
213
‘people’s’ participation 116–17
perennial crops 269, 270–1
Perrings, - 414–15
Perry, W.G. 45
personality factors 102
persuasive transfer 226, 230–1