(Macmillan, 1975); C. Cross, The Fascists in Britain
(London, 1961); K. Feiling, The Life of Neville Cham-
berlain(Macmillan, 1946); M. Gilbert, vol. 5, Winston
S. Churchill, 1922–1939(Heinemann, 1976). For a fas-
cinating social history, see N. Branson and M. Heine-
mann, Britain in the Nineteen Thirties (Panther,
1973). See also D. Winch, Economics and Policy
(Hodder & Stoughton, 1969); R. Blake, The Conserva-
tive Party from Peel to Thatcher(Fontana, 1985); T. F.
Lindsay and M. Harrington, The Conservative Party,
1918–70 (Macmillan, 1979); H. Pelling, A Short
History of the Labour Party (Macmillan, 1978).
Providing a controversial but stimulating link between
politics and foreign policy is M. Cowling, The Impact of
Hitler (Chicago, 1977). A provocative and stimulating
account is A. J. P. Taylor’s English History, 1914–45
(Penguin, 1970).
France
For an overview, see D. Thomson, Democracy in France
since 1870 (5th edn, Oxford, 1969). See also J. P. T.
Bury, France: The Insecure Peace (Macdonald, 1972);
J. Lacouture, Léon Blum(Seuil, 1977); R. Rémond and
J. Bourdin (eds), Éduard Daladier, Chef de Gouverne-
ment(Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques,
1977); A. Sauvy, Histoire économique de la France entre
les dear guerres, 1918–39(2 vols, Fayard, 1965–7); J.
Plumyène and R. Lasierra, Les Fascismes français,
1923–63(Paris, 1963); R. Rémond, The Right Wing in
France from 1815 to de Gaulle(2nd edn, Pennsylvania,
1966). See also under national histories.
8 ITALY AND THE RISE OF FASCISM
Covering not only Italy but fascism in general, is the
very useful W. Laqueur (ed.), Fascism: A Reader’s
Guide (Penguin, 1976). See also R. De Felice,
Interpretations of Fascism(Harvard, 1977); A. J.
Gregor, Fascism: The Contemporary Interpretations
(General Learning Press, 1974) and the same author’s
Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship(Prince-
ton; A. Lyttelton (ed.), Fascism in Italy, 1919–29
(Princeton, 1988). A classic study is the same author’s
The Seizure of Power, 1919–29(Scribner’s, 1973). A
useful over view is G. Carocci, Italian Fascism
(Penguin, 1975). See also E. Nolte, Three Faces of
Fascism (Mentor, 1970); F. Carsten, The Rise
of Fascism (Methuen, 1970); E. Wiskemann, Fascism
in Italy (Macmillan, 1972); S. J. Woolf (ed.),
European Fascism(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968); and
A. Cassels, Fascist Italy (Routledge, 1969). P. F. Sugar,
Native Fascism in the Successor States, 1918–45* (Clio,
1971) is a stimulating collection of essays on the spread
of fascism in central and south-east Europe.
For biographies of Mussolini, see L. Fermi,
Mussolini* (Chicago, 1966); M. Gallo, Mussolini’s Italy
(Macmillan, 1973) is a treatment of the man and his
times, and I. Kirkpatrick, Mussolini(reprint, Green-
wood, 1976). A stimulating book is D. Mack Smith,
Mussolini’s Roman Empire(Longman, 1976). A marvel-
lous study of the last years is F. W. Deakin, The Brutal
Friendship: Mussolini, Hitler and the Fall of the Italian
Fascism* (Penguin, 1966). See also A. J. Gregor, Young
Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism
(California, 1980).9 THE SOVIET UNION: GENERAL, AND
THE STALIN ERA(Books additional to those cited under national histo-
ries.) There are a number of outstanding biographies,
not least I. Deutscher, Stalin: A Political Biography*
(Penguin, 1970); the leading work for the early period
is R. C. Tucker, Stalin as a Revolutionary, 1879–1929
(Norton, ,973); by the same author is Stalin in Power:
The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941(Norton, 1990).
See also I. Deutscher, The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky,
1921–9* (Oxford, 1970) (two further volumes deal with
the remainder of Trotsky’s life); for a useful and more
brief discussion, see I. Howe, Trotsky* (Fontana, 1978);
in the same Modern Masters series, see R. Conquest,
Lenin* (Fontana, 1972). Also valuable is A. B. Ulam,
Lenin and the Bolsheviks* (Fontana, 1969). The best sin-
gle overview of the economy is A. Nove, An Economic
History of Russia 1917–1991* (revised edn, Penguin,
1996). On party and politics, see M. Fainsod, How
Russia is Ruled(revised edn, Harvard, 1965); L. B.
Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union(2nd
edn, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1970); A. Nove, Stalinism
and After(Allen & Unwin, 1975); and M. Fainsod,
Smolensk under Soviet Rule(Harvard, 1958). An out-
standing study of the problems of the peasantry and
Soviet policies is M. Lewin, Russian Peasants and Soviet
Power* (Allen & Unwin, 1968). R. W. Davies, provides
the authoritative account of collectivisation in two
volumes, The Socialist Offensive, 1929–30and The
Soviet Collective Farm, 1929–30(Macmillan, 1980).
A condemnation of Stalinism can be found in R. A.
Medvedev, Let History Judge* (Spokesman, 1976). On
the military, see J. Erickson, The Soviet High Command:
A Military-Political History, 1918–41(St Martin, 1962).
An outstanding history of Soviet foreign relations in
A. Ulani, Expansion and Co-existence: A History of
Soviet Foreign Policy(2nd edn, Praeger, 1974). A brief
and stimulating survey is O. F. Kennan, Russia and
the West* (Mentor, 1967). J Haslam, Soviet Foreign
Policy, 1930–41(5 vols, Macmillan, 1983–91) is a re-
examination of Soviet foreign policy in a multi-volume
study.