10 SPAIN AND THE CIVIL WAR
A good general history is R. Carr, Spain, 1808–1939
(Oxford, 1966); see also S. O. Payne, A History of
Spain and Portugal(vol. 2, Wisconsin, 1976), and
the same author’s Politics and the Military in
Modern Spain(Stanford, 1967). Stimulating is R. Herr,
Modern Spain* (California, 1971). Other outstanding
books dealing more generally with the 1930s, include
G. Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth* (2nd edn,
Cambridge, 1950); G. Jackson, The Spanish Republic
and the Civil War, 1931–9* (Princeton, 1965); S. G.
Payne, The Spanish Revolution* (Norton, 1969); R. A.
H. Robinson, The Origins of Franco’s Spain(Pittsburgh,
1971); S. G. Payne, Falange History of Spanish Fascism*
(Stanford, 1961); H. Thomas, The Spanish Civil
War* (3rd edn, Penguin, 1977). The impact on
Britain is discussed in K. W. Watkins, Britain Divided
(reprint, Greenwood, 1976). For Portugal, see A. H.
De Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal(vol. 2,
Columbia, 1972).
11 GERMANY: THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC AND
THE THIRD REICH
An interesting general account is M. Kolinsky,
Continuity and Change in European Society since 1870*
(Croom Helm, 1974). On Weimar, the classic account
is E. Eyck, The Weimar Republic(2 vols, Harvard,
1962–4); see also S. W. Halperin, Germany Tried
Democracy: A Political History of the Reich from 1918 to
1933 (New York, 1946). W. L. Patch, Heinrich Brüning
and the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic (Cambridge,
1998). H. Ashby Turner, Hitler’s Thirty Days to Power:
January 1933(Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley, 1996).
Richard J. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich*
(Penguin, Harmondsworth, 2004). For the foundation
year, see F. L. Carsten, Revolution in Central Europe,
1917–19(Temple Smith, 1972); and a crucial aspect of
the history of the Republic, The Reichswehr and Politics
1918 to 1933(Oxford, 1966). Indispensable for a view
of the origins and impact of National Socialism is K. D.
Bracher, The German Dictatorship* (Penguin, 1978);
see also M. Broszat, German National Socialism* (Clio,
1966). Lively but somewhat dated is W. Shirer, The Rise
and Fall of the Third Reich* (Pan, 1960). A brief
account of Weimar’s collapse is A. J. Nicholls, Weimar
and the Rise of Hitler* (2nd edn, Macmillan, 1979).
Thousands of books have now been written on all
aspects of Hitler and the Third Reich. The following
are likely to be found especially useful. I. Kershaw, The
Nazi Dictatorship* (2nd edn, Arnold, 1989) is a valu-
able discussion of problems of interpretation. Also
useful for elucidating different approaches is J. Hiden
and J. Farquarson, Explaining Hitler’s Germany:
Historians and the Third Reich* (2nd edn, Batsford,
1989). Both these books refer to the extensive litera-
ture on the subject. The classic biography is A. Bullock,
Hitler: A Study in Tyranny* (Penguin, 1962); see also,
by the same author, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives*
(Fontana Press, 1993). I. Kershaw, Hitler 1889–1936:
Hubris* (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 2001) and Hitler
1936–1945: Nemesis* (Penguin, Harmondsworth,
2001), the best balanced account based on his own and
recent research. A stimulating discussion can be found
in W. Carr, Hitler: A Study in Personality and Politics
(Arnold, 1978). J. P. Stern, Hitler: The Führer and the
People* (Fontana Press, 1975) is outstanding. On more
specialised topics, see A. Tyrell, Vom ‘Trommler’ zum
‘Führer’(Fink, 1975); J. Gordon, Hitler and the Beer
Hall Putsch(Princeton, 1972); J. Noakes, The Nazi
Party in Lower Saxony, 1921–33(Oxford, 1971); and
G. Pridham, Hitler’s Rise to Power: The Nazi Movement
in Bavaria, 1923–33(Hart-Davis, 1973). A series of
studies of Nazi leaders appears in J. C. Fest, The Face
of the Third Reich* (Penguin, 1970). An excellent
survey of the Third Reich is R. Grunberger, A Social
History of the Third Reich* (Penguin, 1974). See also
I. Kershaw, The ‘Hitler Myth’: Image and Reality in the
Third Reich* (Oxford, 1989). M. Burleigh, The Third
Reich* (Pan, 2000).
For foreign policy a good synthesis is W. Carr, Arms,
Autarky and Aggression(Arnold, 1972). The early years
are authoritatively analysed by G. L. Weinberg, The
Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany: Diplomatic Revolu-
tion in Europe, 1933–6 and Starting World War II
(Chicago, 1970 and 1980). On the SS, see H.
Krausnick and M. Broszat, Anatomy of the SS State*
(Paladin, 1973). On the churches in the Third Reich,
see J. Conway, The Nazi Persecution of the Churches
(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968). On relations with the
army, see R. O’Neill, The German Army and the Nazi
Party (Heinemann, 1976). A good survey of the resis-
tance is P. Hoffmann, The History of the German
Resistance, 1933–45(Macdonald & Jane’s, 1977).
12 THE ORIGINS OF WAR IN ASIA AND
EUROPE
The books on foreign policy mentioned in the previous
sections are relevant.
Asia and the Pacific
J. W. Morley (ed.), Japan’s Foreign Policy, 1868–1941: A
Research Guide(Columbia, 1974) contains essays and
bibliographies. See also I. Nish, Japanese Foreign Policy,
1869–1942(Routledge, 1977); S. N. Ogata, Defiance in
Manchuria: The Making of Japanese Foreign Policy,
1869–1942(London, 1977); and S. E. Pelz, Race to
Pearl Harbor: The Future of the Second London Naval
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