glycine betaine accumulation, 896
nitrogen absorption, 640–643
plant responses to, 616–620
Salinity stress, 567–568, 623–631
glandular ion excretion, 627–630
growth response, 624–625
ion compartmentation, 630–631
ion exclusion, 625–626
osmotic adjustment, ion regulation, 626–627
physiological adaptations, 623, 625–631
root growth responses, 625
salt gland, leaf, 630
sap glycinebetaine, 630
shoot growth responses, 624–625
Salinity tolerance, 566, 615–620, 624–625,
857–880
adaptive components of, 615
beta-alanine betaine, 865
dimethylsulfonio proplonate, 865
genetic improvement of, 857–880
glycine betaine, 865
growth reduction at low salinity, cause of,
617–618
ion transport, 857–864
apoplastic salt accumulation, 861–862
intracellular compartmentation, in roots,
859–861
long-distance transport, to shoots, 861
phloem retranslocation, 862
root membranes, 858–859
transpiration, 863–864
mannitol, 865
mechanisms of, 566
organic solute accumulation, 864–868
ion compartmentation, 866
metabolic costs of, 868
monovalent cations, 867–868
osmoregulation, 864–866
organism integration, 868
photosynthesis, at low salinity, 619–620
physiological idetype, pyramiding approach,
869–874
pinitol, 865
proline, 865
quebrachitol, 865
salinity, plant responses to, 616–620
salinity level, effect on growth, 616–617
sorbitol, 865
stachydrine, 865
water relations, at low salinity, 618
Salinization, secondary, 377
Salix babylonica, 460
Salix discolor, 106
Salmonella typhimurium, 779, 883
Salpiglossis sinuata, 87
Salsola baryosma, 565, 568–570, 573, 576
Salsola soda, 867
Salt gland, leaf, 630
Salt stress. SeeSalinity stress
Salt tolerance. SeeSalinity tolerance
Saltbush, 132–139
field transfer, 134–135
indole butyric acid, 134
naphthalene acetic acid, 132–134
rooted cuttings, establishment of, 134–135
Saltgrass, 623
Sambucus canadensis, 106
Sanguinaria canadensis, 88
Sanguisorba minor, 7
Sanvitalia procumbens, 88
Sap glycinebetaine, 630
Saponaria ocymoides, 88
Sassafras albidum, 106
Saw palmetto, 487, 494
Scarification, hot water, 63, 110, 164
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 755
Sciadopitys verticillata, 106
Sclerolaena, 882
Seawater, sodium, 364
Secale creake, 870
Second law of thermodynamics, 3
Secondary dormancy, 63, 65
Secondary salinization, 377
Seed, 18–20, 26–27, 57–59, 61, 63–113, 162–169
collection, 113
life cycle, 61
storage, 113
temperature and, 26–27
Seed dormancy, 18–20, 162–168
double dormancy, 168
epicotyl dormancy, 168
germination, 18–20
induction of dormancy, 162
light and, 165–166
secondary dormancy, 168
shallowversusdeep dormancy, 166–168
temperature and, 164–165
thermodormancy, 168
types, 162–164
Seed germination, 18–20, 59
Seed morphology, 57–59
Seed treatments, 63–113
growth regulators, 111
priming, 111–112
scarification, 63–110
abrasion, 63
acid, 63–110
hot water, 110
stratification, 110–111INDEX 967
[Salinity]