cold, 110–111
embryo culture, 111
warm, 111
Seedcoat, 58
Seedling, 517, 783
Seedling growth inhibitors, 783
Selectivity, herbicides, 773–774
Sempervivum tectorum, 88
Senecio cineraria, 88
Senescence, 181–204, 209, 214, 334, 513–514,
517–518, 553, 590
biochemical changes during, 187–191
free radicals, 189–190
intracellular proteins, 188–189
membranes, 190–191
nucleic acids, 187–188
photosynthesis pigments, 187
during senescence, 185–191
cell protection, 192
experimental systems, 184–185
leaf conductance, 186
monitoring, 194–195
mutants, 184–185
nonintact plants, 184
nutrient mobilization, 191–192
patterns of, 182–184
physiological changes, 186–187
regulation, signaling, 192–194
respiration, 186–187
ultrastructural changes, 185–186
Sepal, 148
Separation layer, abscission, 207
Septoria petroselini appli, 373
Sequestration, metal, extracellular, 753–754
Serenoa repens, 494
Serine, 456
Sesame, 644
Sesamum indicum, 644
Sesbania rostrata, 569
Sesuvium portulacastrum, 567, 574
Sesuvium sesuviodes, 568–570, 573, 576
Setting, of fruit, 17–18
Seven-carbon sugars, 478–479
Sex determination, ferns, 815–816
Sexual cycle, Volvox carteri, 806–807
Shading, 24
Shallowversusdeep dormancy, 166–168
Shape, of fruit, economic considerations, 157
Shipping temperature, 26–27
Shoot, 353–354, 624–625, 861
effects of transpiration, 353–354
growth respiration, 625
ion transport to, 861
resorption, 354
transport across root, 353
transport to shoots, 353–354
Sidalcea malviflora, 89
Sieve elements, phloem, 450
Signal grass, 165
Signal transduction, protein induction, 663–665
elicitors, 663
signal molecules, 663–665
Signaling, senescense, regulation, 192–194
Silene Armeria, 89
Silene vulgaris, 757
Silktree, 58
Silver maple, 61
Simple dormancy, 65
Simulation, computer, plant allocation, 909–914
methods used, 910–911
plant growth, 909–911
Skatole, 931
Small burnet, 7
Smudge pots, 24
Sodium, 8–9, 348, 363–384, 433. See alsoSalinity
agriculture production systems, 377
atomic weight, 364
C/d4/D metabolism, 367–368
carrot, 374
closed life support systems, for space, 377–378
composition, in leaf, floret, 433
effect of, 374
carrot, 374
mangel, 374
field soils, soil solution in, 364
functional nutrient, 366
genetic variation in, 376–377
glycophytes, 364
growth stimulation by, 372–373
halophytes, 364
lithosphere, concentration in, 364
in metabolism, 367–372
mineral soils, 364
plant foliage, 364
potassium, 364, 373–375
potassium replacement, 368–373
counterion in long-distance transport,
370–371
enzyme activation, 371–372
internal osmoticum, 368–369
photosynthesis, 370
stomatal function, 370
regulation, 366–367
rivers
of Australasia, 364
of North America, 364
seawater, 364
secondary salinization, 377968 INDEX
[Seed treatments] [Shoot]