Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, Volume I and II

100 AIR POLLUTION SOURCES

TABLE 16

Nickel Releases in the U.S. 1979 (metric tons)

Source

Production and Recovery

Primary

Hanna Operations neg

Mining/Milling neg

Smelting

AMAX Operations

Smelting/Refining 30

Secondary [scrap]:

Nonferrous Metal

New scrap: Ni-base 2

Cu-base 2

Al-base neg

Old scrap: Ni-base 5

Cu-base 5

Al-base neg

Coproduct and By-product Nickel

(Copper Industry) neg

Inadvertant Sources:

Fossil Fuels 9990

Cement Manufacture 409

Asbestos Manufacture neg

Tobacco neg

Use:

Industrial Processes

Ferrous Smelting/Refining 52

Nonferrous Smelting/Refining

Primary neg

Secondary neg

Alloys:

Stainless Steel Heat Resistant

Steel 340

Other Steel Alloy 95

Super Alloys 15

Nickel-Copper; Copper-Nickel Alloys 10

Permanent Magnet Alloys 1

Other Nickel Alloys 40

Cast Iron 30

Electroplating neg

Chemicals/Catalysts neg

Batteries 6

TOTAL 10653

(P. W. McNamara et al., Little (Arthur C.) Inc. Exposure

and Risk Assessment for Nickel, U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, EPA 440/4-85/012, December 1981.)

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