AIR POLLUTION SOURCES 101
TABLE 17
Cadmium Releases in the U.S. (mt/yr)SourceZn/Pb Mining and Benefication —
Zn/Cd Smelting 7 (1981)
Electroplating —
Batteries 1 (1980)
Pigments and Plastics 13 (1980)
Pesticide —
Other Cd Products NA
Impurity in Zn Products NA
Iron and Steel Industry 14 (1981)
Primary Nonferrous/Non-Zinc 218 (1981)
Secondary Nonferrous 2 (1980)
Printing/Photography —
Other Manufacturing Activity NA
Coal Mining —
Coal Combustion 202 (1981)
Oil Combustion 363 (1981)
Gasoline Combustion 13 (1978)
Lubricating Oil 1 (1980)
Tire Wear 5 (1980)
Phosphate Detergent —
Phosphate Fertilizer —
Urban Runoff —
Culturally Hastened Erosion NA
Natural Weathering NA
Potable Water Supply —
POTW Effluent —
POTW Sludge 14 (1981)
Municipal Refuse 38 (1981)
TOTALS 891
(G. Delos, Cadmium Contamination of the Environment.
As Assessment of Nationwide Risks (Final Report), U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-440/485/023,
Feb. 1985.)Part 1. Pollutant Emissions (continued)Pollutant types Sources and abundance Abatement and controlf. VANADIUM: A grayish malleable ductile element
found combined in many materials. Vanadium is
used primarily to form alloy. Vanadium is also found
in coal and oil as an impurity.
The consumption of vanadium in 1968 was reported as
5495 tons. Of this total about 80% was used in
making various steels.
More than 65 vanadium-bearing minerals have been
identified. The most important:
a) patronite (V 2 S 3 S)
b) Bravoite (FeNi)(S 2 )
c) Sulvanite (3Cu 2 S⋅V 2 S 3 )Major sources: Almost all emissions of
vanadium in the United States are derived
from the combustion of fuel oil and coal both
of which contain small amounts of metal.
Fuel oil is by far the largest contribution
(almost 90% of total emissions).
In oil, the concentrations of vanadium pentoxide
vary from 0.01% (Continental crude) to
0.06% (Venezuelan crude). The ash from
combustion of residual oil varies from 0.002
to 0.3% (by weight).
In coal, there is a small contribution of
vanadium in the lignite deposit and the ashUse of additives: Use of magnesium
oxide in oil-fired burners, resulting
in the reduction of fine particulate
and amounts of vanadium escaping
to the atmosphere.
Use of conventional devices to remove
particulates.
Use of centrifugal collectors to gather
ash emissions.
Use of efficient fly-ash control
equipment such as cyclones,
electrostatic precipitators.(continued)C001_006_r03.indd 101C001_006_r03.indd 101 11/23/2005 9:42:41 AM11/23/2005 9: