decline, 228-230
Europeans and, 228, 229, 230
guards (Qizilbash), 184, 185-186,
195-196, 219
leadership, 183-184, 228-229
overview, 183-189
Shi'ism and, 184-187, 229
Sunnis and, 229-230
Saffah, 86, 87
See also Abbas ibn Abd al-Murralib
Said, Edward, xx
Salaat (namaz) as Islamic pillar, 91
Saladin, 144-146
Salafism, 163, 164-165
Samanid dynasty, 124
Sancho (the Fat), King, 120
Sargon, 5-6
Sassanid dynasty, 13, 14-15, 15(fig.),
37,43-46,186
Saud, Aziz ibn (1900s), 311-312
Saud, Aziz ibn (early 1800s),
254-255
Saud, Mohammed ibn, 253-254,
295
Saudis/ Saudi Arabia
beginnings, 311-312
U.S. oil deal, 316
Wahhabism, 295, 306, 316, 331
World War I, 295, 296, 297, 298
SAVAK, 340
Sawm (roza) as Islamic pillar, 92
Sayfi Heravi, 153
Sayyid Ahmad, Sir (of Aligarh)
background, 257-259
secular modernism and, 252,
259-261,264,269,305
Scholars (Islamic)
beginnings, 50, 94-99
See also Hadith; Ulama
Science
Chaldeans, 6
INDEX 387Europe (1291-1600 CE), 210-211,
212,216
failure in Islamic world, 102-106,
110-113,114,212,264-265
Islamic philosophers and, 1 0 1-1 02,
211-212
Scientific method, 211
Scientific Society, Aligarh, India,
260-261
Secular modernism
in 1920s, 301-306
Mghanistan, 304, 305, 307, 308
Arab nationalism and, 297-298
Atatiirk, 301-304
dress-code policy and, 303, 304
fall of, 343-347
Iran, 261, 276, 277-279, 304, 305,
333-334,355
Jamaluddin-i-Mghan, 252,
262-268
Ottoman Empire, 261, 287-288,
290-291,292-293
Qajar Shahs oflran, 261
Sayyid Ahmad, Sir (of Aligarh), 252,
259-261,264,269,305
Six Day War and, 331
Turkey, 301-304
women's role, 303, 304
See also specific groups; specific
individuals
Sdim the Grim, Sultan, 187-188
Sdjuks/Sdjuk era, 126-128, 128(fig.),
131, 132, 135, 150, 151
September 11 attacks/effects, xvii, 347,
349,351-352,355
Shafi'i, Imam a!-, 98
Shafi'i school, 98
Shahadah as Islamic pillar, 91
Shahanshah, 186
Shajar al-Durr, 156, 157
Shams-i Tabrez, 170