Trinity, doctrine of, 11, 101–2, 151
truth, 13, 153
Turkey/Turks, 72, 137, 209, 216, 217, 261
Ubayd Allah ibn Jahsh, 14
Uhud: and Quraysh-Muhammad conflict,
77–78, 90, 91–92
Ulama: and Abassid Dynasty, 137, 140–42;
Abdu’s views about, 232; Afghani’s
views about, 230; at al-Azhar Univer-
sity, 169; and apostasy, 119; authority
of, 114, 144, 165, 166; and Caliphate,
143; and colonialism, 227; formation
and functions of, 113–14, 143; and
Inquisition, 137, 140–42; institutional-
ization of legal and theological opin-
ions of, 144; and interaction of
theology and law, 144–55; and Iranian
Revolution of 1979, 191; and Islamic
Reformation, 254; and legal system,
163, 164–65, 167; and Ma’mun, 143;
and Modernists, 227, 232, 233, 235;
and Mu‘awiyah, 175; and orthopraxic
and orthodoxic religion, 144; and qiyas
(analogical arguments), 164; and
Quran, 143, 160–61, 169; and Shariah,
144, 162, 165, 166; of Shi‘ites, 184,
187; and successors to Muhammad,
113–14, 137, 139; and Sufism, 200,
202, 204, 205; and Sunna, 163, 164;
and taqlid (acceptance of juridical
precedent), 165; and Traditionalist
controversy, 143–44, 153, 154, 155,
158–62, 165; and unity of Islam,
138–39; and Wahhabism, 245
Umar: and Ali, 123; and Ali-Aisha conflict,
131; and attempts to assassinate
Muhammad, 155; authority of, 70; as
caliph, 93, 94, 121–23, 124, 155–56;
character and personality of, 70–71;
conversion of, 155–56; death of,
123–24; and destruction of Damascus
mosque, 94; and Jews, 93, 94; as military
leader, 122; as misogynist, 70–71; and
Muhammad’s death, 109; and Muham-
mad’s marriages, 64; and Muhammad’s
pilgrimage to Mecca, 105; Muhammad’s
relationship with, 70; and nature and
function of Caliphate, 133; and
Quraysh-Muhammad conflict, 105; as
successor to Abu Bakr, 121–22, 124;
successor to, 123–24; and successors to
Muhammad, 112, 115–16, 117, 121,
122–25, 129, 130, 131, 133
Index 309Umayya ibn Abi Salt, 14
Umayyads: Caliphate of, 131–32, 152, 173,
176–77, 178, 185–86; conflict between
Shi‘atu Ali and, 175; dominance in
Hijaz of, 125; and Hasan-Mu‘awiyah
conflict, 174; and inauguration of
Umayya Dynasty, 136; and Mahdi,
186; massacre of, 137, 142–43; rebel-
lions against, 175–78, 185–86; and ret-
ribution for death of Uthman, 129; and
successors to Muhammad, 129, 130,
137; and theology and legal issues, 175.
See also Shi‘atu Mu‘awiyah; specific
member
Umm al-Kitab (“Mother of Books”),
99–100, 157, 158, 262
Umm Hani, 33
Umm Salamah (Muhammad’s wife), 64, 74,
77
Umm Waraqa, 74
Ummah: Ali’s views about, 133; and attempts
to define Muslim identity, 133; and
Battle of the Camel, 131; and Battle of
Uhud, 90; and Caliphate, 131–32, 136,
143, 234; as Church in Islam, 146; and
designation of Jews and Christians as
unbelievers, 103; as empire, 136; evolu-
tion/expansion of, 66–71, 74, 114,
168–69; and evolution of Islam, 82;
financial and social dominance by, 68;
and Five Pillars, 145–46, 147; and
hadith, 68; and interaction of theology
and law, 145; and Islamic Reformation,
257; and Jewish influence on Muham-
mad, 100; and jihad, 86; Kharijite ideal
of, 145–46; meaning of term, 57,
58–59; modern debate about, 138–39;
and Modernists, 230, 233, 234; and
Mu‘awiyah caliphate, 174; and
Muhammad’s death, 118–19; Muham-
mad’s primary function as head of, 59;
Muhammad’s views about, 101, 132,
262; nature and functions of, 130, 131,
132–33, 136, 138; and Pan-Islamism,
231; and profession of faith, 152; and
Quran, 100, 126, 168; and Quraysh-
Muhammad conflict, 83, 88, 90; and
Riddah Wars, 118–19; salvation solely
for members in, 133; and spread of
Islam, 67; and successors to Muham-
mad, 110–18, 120, 122, 123, 124, 126,
128–34, 136, 138; and Sufism, 199,
200, 202; and Sunna, 164; tithe on
members of, 60; as tribe, 57–59;