310 Index
Ummah (cont’d ):
as unique experiment in social organi-
zation, 58; and Uthman revolt, 128,
129; and warfare, 85; and women,
60–63, 65, 66, 74; at Yathrib, 57
United States, 139, 247, 252–53, 259–60,
261–62
Universal Spirit (ruh), 208–9, 214, 215
universal suffrage, 233, 258
Usuli School, 184–85
usury, 60
Uthman ibn Affan: and Ali, 127, 133; as
caliph, 124–25, 126–29, 174–75; as
Khalifat Allah, 174–75; letter from,
127–28; Mu‘awiyah as cousin of, 134;
murder of, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134–35,
136; and Quran, 126, 161; revolt
against, 130; and successors to
Muhammad, 126, 130, 132, 134, 135,
136
Uthman ibn Huwairith, 14
Uzza, al- (goddess), 3, 7, 14, 22
Valayat-e Faqih doctrine, 190–92, 252, 265
“Verse of Light,” 183, 184
Wadud, Amina, 73–74
Wahhabism, 241–48, 259–60, 263
Wali Allah, Shah, 218–19, 225, 229, 241, 259
Walid (amir), 176–77
Walzer, Michael, 87
Wansbrough, John, 111
Waraqa ibn Nawfal, 14, 38–39
warfare, 83, 84–85, 87. See also jihad
Wasil ibn Ata, 155
Watt, Montgomery, 26, 28, 42, 57, 96, 116,
146
the Way (tariqah), 206–8, 209, 210, 211,
212, 214, 216
Weber, Max, 79
Welch, William, 228
Westoxification, 238, 245, 247
Whirling Darvishes, 209, 217
widows, 32, 61, 63, 71
women: in Afghanistan, 259, 260; and
Christianity, 71; and colonialism,
72–73; as early followers of Muham-
mad, 42; and egalitarianism, 71; human
rights violations against, 72; as inter-
preters of Quran, 70–71; in Iran, 72,
74; and Jews, 71; and liberal Muslim
reformers, 73; and Modernists, 230;
Muhammad’s views about, 60–63, 74,
103; and pilgrimages, 71, 149–50; in
pre-Islamic Arabia, 33; and Quran, 65,
66, 68–71, 73–74; and Quraysh-
Muhammad conflict, 76, 77, 78; and
Revelation, 71; seclusion and veiling of,
65–66, 72–73, 244, 260; status of, 163;
subordinate role of, 68–74; in Turkey,
72; Umar’s views about, 70–71; and
Ummah, 74; and Wahhabism, 244. See
also feminism, Islamic; specific person
Yahweh (god of Jews), 8, 10
Yathrib. See Medina
Yazid I (Umayyad Caliph), 171–73, 175,
176–78
“Year of the Elephant,” 18, 28
Yemen, 10, 18, 27, 110, 147, 186, 236
Yom Kippur, 100, 147
Young Ottomans, 231. See also Pan-Islamism
Yunus ibn Bukayr, 15
Zaghlul, Sa‘d, 233, 242
zakat (tithe), 60, 110, 118, 147
Zamzam (well), 4, 19, 24
Zawati, Hilmi, 84
Zayd (Muhammad’s slave), 41
Zayd ash-Shahid, 184
Zayd ibn Amr, 14, 15–16, 17, 22
Zaydis faction, 184
Zayn al-Abadin, Ali, 184
Zia al-Haq, General, 257, 259
Zionism, 236
Zoroastrians, 12–13, 22, 80, 178, 263
Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, 129, 130, 134
Zuhra (clan), 125