Encyclopedia of Diets - A Guide to Health and Nutrition

There is also no scientific evidence to suggest that diet

can detoxify the body.

There has been some concern about the supple-

ments that are required or recommended for the Mak-

er’s diet program. These supplements are made by

Rubin’s company Garden of Life, Inc. In a letter

dated May 11, 2004 the United States Food and

Drug Administration ordered the company to stop

making unsubstantiated claims about eight of its

products and supplements. The claims were made in

brochures, on labels, and in Rubin’s bookPatient

Heal Thyself.

Resources

BOOKS

Rubin, Jordan.Patient Heal Thyself.Topanga, CA: Free-

dom Press, 2003.

Rubin, Jordan.The Great Physician’s RX for Chronic

Fatigue and Fibromyalgia.Nashville, TN: Thomas

Nelson, 2007.

Rubin, Jordan.The Maker’s Diet.New York: Penguin,

2005.

BOOKS

Shannon, Joyce Brennfleck ed.Diet and Nutrition Source-

book.Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2006.

Willis, Alicia P. ed.Diet Therapy Research Trends.New

York: Nova Science, 2007.

PERIODICALS

Maslin, Janet. ‘‘The Plot Is Simple: Sell Books’’New York

Times(3 March 2004): V153 I52800 E33.

ORGANIZATIONS

American Dietetic Association. 120 South Riverside Plaza,

Suite 2000, Chicago, Illinois 60606-6995. Telephone:

(800) 877-1600. Website:<http://www.eatright.org>

OTHER

The Maker’s Diet2005.<http://www.makersdiet.com>

(April 7, 2007).

Helen M. Davidson

Manganese

Definition

Manganese (Mn) is a mineral necessary in very

tiny (trace) amounts for human health. In large quan-

tities, manganese is poisonous. Manganese is used in

some enzyme reactions and for the proper develop-

ment of bones and cartilage. Humans must meet their

needs for manganese from their diet. Manganese is

found mainly in plants and in small quantities in

some drinkingwater.

Purpose

Researchers understand less about how manga-

nese functions in the body than they do about many

otherminerals. Studies have shown that manganese is

necessary for proper development of healthy bones

and cartilage in animals. It is highly likely that man-

ganese plays the same role in the development of

human bones and connective tissue, although manga-

nese deficiency is so rare in humans (and putting peo-

ple on a prolonged manganese-free diet would be an

unethical experiment) that this has not been proven

experimentally.

Manganese is also necessary for the formation of

an antioxidant enzyme in cellular mitochondria. Mito-

chondria, sometimes called the cell’s power plant, are

organelles that use large amounts of oxygen to pro-

duce energy. The production of energy by the mito-

chondria results in the formation of free radicals. Free

Manganese

Recommended Dietary Tolerable Upper

Age Allowance (mg) Intake Level (mg)

Children 0–6 mos. 0.3 (AI) Not established

Children 7–12 mos. 0.6 (AI) Not established

Children 1–3 yrs. 1.2 2

Children 4–8 yrs. 1.5 3

Boys 9–13 yrs. 1.9 6

Girls 9–13 yrs. 1.6 6

Boys 14–18 yrs. 2.2 9

Girls 14–18 yrs. 1.6 9

Men 19 yrs. 2.3 11

Women 19 yrs. 1.8 11

Pregnant women 2.0 11

Breastfeeding women 2.6 11

Food Manganese (mg)

Tea, green, 1 cup 1.58

Pineapple, raw, ½ cup 1.28

Pecans, 1 oz. 1.12

Cereal, raisin bran, ½ cup .94

Brown rice, cooked, ½ cup .88

Spinach, cooked, ½ cup .84

Tea, black, 1 cup .77

Almonds, 1 oz. .74

Bread, whole wheat, 1 slice .65

Peanuts, 1 oz. .59

Sweet potato, mashed, ½ cup .55

Beans, navy, cooked, ½ cup .51

Beans, lima, cooked, ½ cup .48

Beans, pinto, cooked, ½ cup .48

AI  Adequate Intake

mg  milligram

(Illustration by GGS Information Services/Thomson Gale.)

Manganese