cyanogen and, 56–57
first direct observation of, 53–56
peaks in, 50–51
temperature of, 52–53
temperature variations in, 58–59
cosmic rays, 73–74
cosmochemistry, 187–88
cosmological constant, 99–100, 102–3, 104, 106, 111, 112–13
cosmology, 51–61, 205
Cosmos: A SpaceTime Odyssey, 197n
Cretaceous–Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary, 126–27
critical density, 107, 109
cyanogen, 56–57
dark clouds, 82
dark energy, 59, 94–114, 195
measurement of, 106–7
dark matter, 43–44, 59–60, 64, 68–69, 72, 75–93, 107, 108, 109, 144, 195
as “aether,” 88
detection of, 91–92
discrepancy between ordinary matter and, 84–85
effects of, 86, 88–89
nuclear fusion and, 83–84
and relative amount of hydrogen and helium, 83–84
total gravity of, 82–83
dark matter haloes, 81–82
Deep Space Network, 158
Deimos, 138
deuterium, 27
Dicke, Robert, 55
dinosaurs, 31, 127
Druyan, Ann, 197n
dwarf galaxies, 64–67, 70
E=mc^2 , 20–21, 23, 25
Earth, 34, 35–36, 89, 97, 128, 157, 178–92, 203–5
asteroid strikes on, 31
atmosphere of, 175
aurora on, 174
formation of, 29–31
meteor strikes on, 165–68
orbital speed of, 78
polar ice caps of, 182
radio and microwave generation on, 185
shape of, 140–41
as sphere, 136–37
surface gravity of, 85
tidal locking of Moon by, 171–72
view from space of, 178–81
Einstein, Albert, 18, 20–21, 52, 72, 75–76, 78–79, 80, 94–95, 96, 98–101, 103, 145
adjustment to law of gravity by, 44, 76
thought experiments of, 94–95