696
INDEX
Endocrine functions of pancreas (
continued
)
catecholamines, 331–332
changes in protein metabolism, 323
cholesterol metabolism, 324
coma, 324
cyclic AMP, 327
diabetes mellitus, 333–334
exercise, 331
fat derivatives, 327
fat metabolism in diabetes, 323–324
glucagon, 328–330
glucose tolerance, 321–323
glucose transporters, 318
growth hormone, 332
hyperglycemia, 323
hypoglycemia, 332–333
insulin, 316–320
insulin deficiency, 321–325
insulin excess, 325–326
insulin-glucagon molar ratios, 330
insulin preparations, 319
intestinal hormones, 328
intracellular glucose deficiency, 323
islet cell hormones, 330–331
islet cell structure, 316
long-term changes in B cell responses, 328
mechanism of action, 320–321, 921
metabolic syndrome, 334–335
metabolism, 318, 329
obesity, 334–335
pancreatic islets, 331
pancreatic polypeptide, 331
plasma glucose level, 326–327
protein, 327
regulation of insulin secretion, 326–327
regulation of secretion, 329–330
relation to potassium, 319
secreted insulin, 318–320
secretion, 317–318
somatostatin, 330–331
thyroid hormones, 332
type 2 diabetes, 334–335
types of diabetes, 334
Endocytosis, 43–44
Endogenous pathway, 24
Endogenous pyrogens, 286
Endolymph, 205
Endopeptidases, 455
Endoplasmic, 40
Endoplasmic reticulum, 40
Endothelial cells, 563
Endothelial derived relaxation factor, 111–112
Endothelin-converting enzyme, 565
Endothelin-1, 564–565
Endothelins, 564–565
Endothelium, 535
carbon monoxide, 564
cardiovascular functions, 565
endothelial cells, 563
endothelin-1, 564–565
endothelins, 564–565
nitric oxide, 563–564
prostacyclin, 563
regulation of secretion, 565
substances secreted by, 563–566
thromboxane A
2
, 563
Endothelium-derived relaxing factor, 564
Energy balance, 462–463
Energy production, 1–30
acid–base balance, 2–3
amino acid pool, 16
amino acids, 15–19
biologic oxidations, 8–10
body as organized solution, 2
breakdown, 21–22
buffering, 4
carbohydrates, 19–23
catabolism of amino acids, 18
cellular lipids, 24
cholesterol metabolism, 27
citric acid cycle, 20
diffusion, 4–5
directional-flow valves, 21
DNA, 11–13
Donnan effect, 6–7
eicosanoids, 28–29
electrolytes, 2–3
energy transfer, 8
equivalents, 2
essential fatty acids, 27
factors determining plasma glucose level, 22–23
fatty acid oxidation, synthesis, 23
fatty acids, 23–29
forces acting on ions, 7–8
free fatty acid metabolism, 27
genesis of membrane potential, 8
glycogen synthesis, 21–22
hexoses, 23
ketone bodies, 23–24
lipid transport, 24, 26–27
lipids, 23–29
meiosis, 13
metabolic functions of amino acids, 19
mitosis, 13
molecular building blocks, 10–15
moles, 2
nonionic diffusion, 6
nucleic acids, 10–11
nucleosides, 10–11
nucleotides, 10–11
osmolal concentration of plasma, 6
osmosis, 5–6
pH, 4
plasma lipids, 24–27
post-translational modification, 17–18
principles, 2–8
protein degradation, 18
proteins, 16–17
protein synthesis, 17
replication, 13
RNA, 13–15
tonicity, 6
units for measuring concentration of solutes, 2
urea formation, 18
water, 2–3
Energy sources, 102–104
carbohydrate breakdown, 103
heat production in muscle, 104
oxygen debt mechanism, 104
phosphorylcreatine, 102–103
rigor, 104
Energy transfer, 8
Enkephalins, 177–178
Enteric nervous system, 261, 269–271, 442, 448
Enterochromaffin, 443
Enterochromaffin-like cells, 443
Enteroendocrine cells, 443
Enterohepatic circulation, 438, 482
Enterokinase, 455
Entorhinal cortex, 221
Envelope, 40
Environmental estrogen, 418
Enzymes, 33
Eosinophils, 63–64, 523Epididymis, 402
Epilepsy
childhood absence, 233
generalized with febrile seizures, 233
idiopathic, 233
Epinephrine, 138, 337
effects of, 340–342
Epineurium, 88
Epiphyses, 371
Epiphysial closure, 371
Epiphysial plate, 371
Episodic memory, 290
Epithelial sodium channels, 47
EPSP. See Excitatory postsynaptic potential
Equilibrium, 203–218
middle ear, 203–205
Erection, 405–406
ERPF. See Effective renal plasma flow
Erythroblastosis fetalis, 530
Erythrocytes, 523
Erythropoiesis, 677
Erythropoietin, 65, 677
regulation of secretion, 677
sources, 677
structure, function, 677
Escape phenomenon, 658
Esophagus, 471
Essential fatty acids, 27
Estradiol (17β-estradiol), 416
Estriol, 416
Estrogen-dependent, 427
Estrogens, 348, 371, 392
chemistry, 416
Estrone, 416
Estrous cycle, 415
Estrus, 415
Eukaryotes, 32
Eunuchoidism, 400, 410
Euploid, 13
Euthyroid, 306
Evoked cortical potentials, 231–232
Excitability, 79
Excitable tissue, 79–114
action potential, 86–87, 106
all-or-none law, 85–86
antidromic conduction, 88
axonal transport, 82–83
biphasic action potentials, 88
carbohydrate breakdown, 103
cardiac muscle morphology, 106
cellular elements in CNS, 80–93
changes in excitability during electrotonic
potentials, 86–87
conduction, 83–88
contractile response, 96–102, 107–108
correlation between muscle fiber length,
tension, 109
distribution of ion channels in myelinated
neurons, 85
dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, 96
effects of denervation, 104
electrical activity, 110
electrical characteristics, skeletal muscle, 96
electrical phenomena, 96
electrical properties, 106–107
electrogenesis of action potential, 87
electromyography, 105
electrotonic potentials, 86
energy sources, 102–104
excitation, 83–88
fiber types, 102
fluxes, 96