INDEX
697force generations, smooth muscle, 112
function of nerve supply to smooth muscle, 112
glial cells, 80
heat production in muscle, 104
ion distribution, 96
ionic fluxes, 96
ionic fluxes during action potential, 85
lipid breakdown, 103
local response, 86
mechanical properties, 107–109
metabolism, 102–104, 109
molecular basis of contraction, 97–100,
110–111
motor unit, 104–105
muscle fiber length and tension, 109
muscle twitch, 97
nerve fiber types, function, 88–89
neuronal growth, 91
neurons, 80–92
neurotrophins, 89–91
orthodromic conduction, 88
oxygen debt mechanism, 104
phosphorylcreatine, 102–103
plasticity of smooth muscle, 112
properties of mixed nerves, 88
properties of skeletal muscles, 104–106
receptors, 90
relation between muscle length, 102
relaxation, 111–112
resting membrane, 106
resting membrane potential, 83–85
rigor, 104
saltatory conduction, 87–88
sarcotubular system, 96
skeletal muscle morphology, 93–96
smooth muscle morphology, 109–112
strength of skeletal muscles, 105–106
striations, 95–96
summation of contractions, 101–102
trophic support of neurons, 89–90
types of contraction, 100–101
Excitation, 83–88
Excitation-contraction coupling, 100
Excitatory amino acids, 140–143
Excitatory junction potentials, 125
Excitatory postsynaptic potential, 117–120
Exercise, 331, 634–637
changes in tissues, 636–637
changes in ventilation, 634–636
exercise tolerance, 637
fatigue, 637
Exocytosis, 42–43, 64
Exogenous pathway, 24
Exons, 11
Exopeptidases, 455
Excitotoxins, 135
Expiration, 591–593
Expiratory muscles, 594
Expiratory reserve volume, 593
Explicit memory, 290
Exportins, 40
External auditory meatus, 203
External ear, 203–205
External hydrocephalus, 571
External intercostal muscles, 594
External respiration, 587
External urethral sphincter, 661
Exteroceptors, 219
Extracellular fluid, 2, 665–678
actions of angiotensins, 672
angiotensin-converting enzyme, 670–671
angiotensin II, 670–673
angiotensinogen, 670
erythropoietin, 677
heart hormones, 674–676
juxtaglomerular apparatus, 673
metabolism, 666, 676
metabolism of angiotensin II, 671–672
Na, K ATPase-inhibiting factor, 676
natriuretic factors, 674–676
natriuretic peptide receptors, 675–676
osmotic stimuli, 666–667
regulation of renin secretion, 673–674
regulation of secretion, 677
renin, 670
renin–angiotensin system, 670–674
secretion, 676
sources, 677
structure, function, 677
synthetic agonists, antagonists, 668
tissue renin–angiotensin systems, 672
tonicity, 665–668
vasopressin, 666
vasopressin receptors, 665–666
vasopressin secretion, 667
volume, 6690670
Extraction ratio, 643
Extrafusal fibers, 158
Extramedullary hematopoiesis, 522
Extrasystole beat, 498
Extrinsic innervation, 442, 448–449
Extrinsic system, 533
Eye movements, 199
superior colliculi, 199F
Face recognition, 298
Facilitated diffusion, 46, 318
Facilitation at synapses, 121–123
indirect inhibition, 121
Factors affecting neuronal growth, 91
Familial hypercalciuric hypocalcemia, 59
Familial hypercholesterolemia, 28
Familiarity, 293–294
Fascicular block, 497
Fasciculations, 104, 244
Fast axonal transport, 82
Fast excitatory postsynaptic potential, 266
Fast pain, 168
Fastigial nuclei, 254
Fat absorption, 457–458
Fat derivatives, 327
Fat digestion, 457
Fat metabolism, 382
in diabetes, 323–324
Fatigue, 637
Fatty acid oxidation, synthesis, 23
Fatty acids, 23–29
Feature detectors, 194
Female pseudohermaphroditism, 397
Female reproductive system, 411–427
abnormalities of ovarian function, 422–423
actions, 419
anovulatory cycles, 413–414
breasts, 417
central nervous system, 417
changes during intercourse, 414
chemistry, 416, 418–419
contraception, 422
control of cycle, 421
control of ovarian function, 420–422
cyclic changes in breasts, 414
cyclic changes in uterine cervix, 414
development of breasts, 426endocrine changes, 424
endocrine organs, 417
environmental estrogen, 418
estrous cycle, 415
failure to reject fetal graft, 424
feedback effects, 421
female genitalia, 417
female secondary sex characteristics, 418
fertilization, 423–424
fetoplacental unit, 425
gynecomastia, 427
hormones, 427
human chorionic gonadotropin, 424
human chorionic somatomammotropin, 424
hypothalamic components, 420–421
implantation, 423–424
indicators of ovulation, 414–415
infertility, 424
initiation of lactation after delivery, 427
lactation, 426–427
lactation on menstrual cycles, 427
mechanism of action, 418–419
menstrual abnormalities, 422–423
menstrual cycle, 411–415
normal menstruation, 413
ovarian cycle, 411–412
ovarian hormones, 416–420
parturition, 425–426
placental hormones, 425
pregnancy, 423–426
reflex ovulation, 421–422
relaxin, 420
secretion, 417, 419
synthetic estrogen, 418
uterine cycle, 412–413
vaginal cycle, 414
Fenestrations, 537
Ferroportin 1, 459
Fertilin, 423
Fertilization, 423–424
Fetal adrenal cortex, 338
Fetal circulation, 582
changes in, 584
Fetal hemoglobin, 525
Fetal respiration, 582–583
Fetus, hemoglobin in, 525–526
FEV
1
, 593
Fever, 285–286
FGF.
See
Fibroblast growth factor
Fiber types, 102
Fibrillations, 104
Fibrin, 531–532
Fibrin monomer, 532
Fibrinogen, 530
Fibrinolysin, 533
Fibrinolytic system, 533
Fibroblast growth factor, 91
Fibrous astrocytes, 80
Fick principle, 513, 574
Fick’s law of diffusion, 5
Filamentous actin, 36
Filtration, 49
Filtration fraction, 647
Filtration slits, 640
Final common paths, 164
Firing level, 86
First-degree heart block, 497
First messengers, 51
First polar body, 412
First sound, 512
FK-506.
See
Tacrolimus
Flaccid, 163