704
INDEX
Monoamines (
continued
)
histamine, 137–138
serotonergic receptors, 137
serotonin, 136–137
Monochromats, 196
Monocytes, 63, 65, 523
Monoglycerols, 24
Monosaccharides, 19
Monosynaptic arcs, 157
Monosynaptic reflexes, 157–164
central connections of afferent fibers, 160
control of gamma-motor neuron discharge, 161
effects of gamma-motor neuron discharge,
160–161
function of muscle spindles, 160
inverse stretch reflex, 162–163
muscle tone, 163
reciprocal innervation, 161–162
structure of muscle spindles, 158–159
Monro–Kellie doctrine, 575
Morphine, 177–178
Mosaicism, 396
Mossy fibers, 255
Motilin, 447
Motility, gastrointestinal, 469–478
aerophagia, 473
colon, 475–478
defecation, 476–478
electrical activity, 470
esophagus, 471
gastric emptying, 473
gastric motility, 473
intestinal gas, 473
intestinal motility, 475
lower esophageal sphincter, 471–473
mastication, 471
migrating motor complex, 470–471
mixing, 470
motility of colon, 475–476
mouth, 471
patterns, 469–471
peristalsis, 469–470
regulation, 470
segment-specific patterns, 471–473
segmentation, 470
small intestines, 475
stomach, 473–475
swallowing, 471
vomiting, 473–475
Motility of colon, 475–476
Motility patterns, 469–471
electrical activity, 470
migrating motor complex, 470–471
mixing, 470
peristalsis, 469–470
regulation, 470
segmentation, 470
Motion sickness, 216
space, 216
Motivational-affect, 176
Motor unit, 104–105
Mouth, 471
MPGF.
See
Major proglucagon fragment
MRI.
See
Magnetic resonance imaging
mRNA.
See Messenger RNA
MS. See Multiple sclerosis
MTOCs. See Microtubule-organizing centers
Multi-colony-stimulating factor, 65
Multiple sclerosis, 82
Multiunit smooth muscle, 109
Murmurs, 512–513
Muscarinic actions, 135
Muscarinic cholinergic receptors, 135
Muscle, 93–114
action potentials, 106
body mechanics, 106
carbohydrate breakdown, 103
cardiac muscle morphology, 106
contractile response, 96–102, 107–108
correlation between muscle fiber length,
tension, 109
dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, 96
effects of denervation, 104
electrical activity, 110
electrical characteristics, 96
electrical phenomena, 96
electrical properties, 106–107
electromyography, 105
energy sources, 102–104
fiber types, 102
fluxes, 96
force generations, smooth muscle, 112
function of nerve supply to smooth muscle, 112
heat production in muscle, 104
ion distribution, 96
ionic fluxes, 96
isoforms, 108
lipid breakdown, 103
mechanical properties, 107–109
metabolism, 102–104, 109
molecular basis of contraction, 97–100,
110–111
motor unit, 104–105
muscle fiber length, 109
muscle twitch, 97
organization, 93–94
oxygen debt mechanism, 104
phosphorylcreatine, 102–103
plasticity of smooth muscle, 112
properties of skeletal muscles in intact
organism, 104–106
relation between muscle length and tension, 102
relaxation, 111–112
resting membrane, 106
rigor, 104
sarcotubular system, 96
skeletal muscle, 96
skeletal muscle morphology, 93–96
smooth muscle morphology, 109–112
strength of skeletal muscles, 105–106
striations, 95–96
summation of contractions, 101–102
types, 109–110
types of contraction, 100–101
Muscle fiber length, tension, correlation, 109
Muscle length, tension, relation, velocity of
contraction, 102
Muscle pump, 549–550
Muscle spindles, 158–159
function of, 160
Muscle tone, 163
Muscle twitch, 97
Muscular atrophy, 244
Muscular dystrophy, 98
Becker, 98
Duchenne, 98
MVV. See Maximal voluntary ventilation
Myasthenia gravis, 126
Myelin, 82
Myeloperoxidase, 64
Myenteric plexus, 269, 448
Myocardial contractility, 515–517
Myocardial infarction, 502–503
Myoepithelial cells, 279Myogenic theory of autoregulation, 563
Myoglobin, 611
Myoneural, junction, 123
Myopia, 187
Myosin, 37
Myosin-II, 94
Myosin light chain phosphatase, 110
Myotonia, 98
Myristolated, 33N
NADPH oxidase, 64
Narcolepsy, 237
Natriuretic hormones, 566, 674
Natriuretic peptide receptors, 675–676
Natural killer cells, 69
Near point of vision, 189
Negative feedback process, 85
Negative selection, 71
Neuropathic pain, 169
Neurotrophins, 90
Neospinothalamic tract, 176
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 59, 668
Nephron, 640–642
Nernst equation, 7
Nerve conduction tests, 82
Nerve endings, 125–126
anatomy, 125
junctional potentials, 125–126
Nerve fiber types and function, 88–89
Nerve growth factor, 83
Nerve impulses, 83
Nerves, 79–92
action potential, 86–87
all-or-none law, 85–86
antidromic conduction, 88
axonal transport, 82–83
biphasic action potentials, 88
cellular elements in CNS, 80–93
changes in excitability, 86–87
conduction, 83–88
electrogenesis of action potential, 87
electrotonic potentials, 86
excitation, 83–88
firing level, 86
glial cells, 80
ionic fluxes during action potential, 85
local response, 86
myelinated neurons, 85
nerve fiber types and function, 88–89
neuronal growth, 91
neurons, 80–92
neurotrophins, 89–91
orthodromic conduction, 88
properties of mixed nerves, 88
receptors, 90
resting membrane potential, 83–85
saltatory conduction, 87–88
trophic support of neurons, 89–90
Nervi erigentes, 405
Net amount transferred, 648
Net flux, 5
Neural basis of memory, 290–291
Neural communication, 50
Neural hormones, 277
Neurexins, 117
Neuroactive steroids, 146
Neurofibrillary tangles, 294
Neurogenesis, 293
Neuroglycopenic symptoms, 325
Neurohemal organs, 573
Neurokinin B gene, 143