Hafiz and the Religion of Love in Classical Persian Poetry

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over’);or323:4:barāyayāftāb-iṣubḥ-iumīd/kidardast-ishab-ihijrānasīr-am(‘come
out,osunofthemorningofhope/forIamcaptiveinthegraspofthenightof
separation’). This contra-Albatheme, where the morning of hope scatters the
darknessofthenight,withitsattendantsorrowandweepingoverseparation
fromtheBeloved,wouldseemtodominatethetoposofdawninḤāfiẓ.Severalcom-
poundnounsandadverbsoftimearebuiltuponthisword,includingṣubḥdam(11
incidences,twoinline1),ṣubḥ-furūgh(once),ṣubḥgah(once,inthefirstline),
ṣubḥgāh(fivetimes,onceinlineone),ṣubḥgāhī(fourtimes),ṣubḥī(once)andṣubḥ-
khwān(once).Thefactthatṣubḥisoftenusedinthesenseofsunrise,ratherthan
somelaterpointofthemorning,isattestedbythefactthatitoftenoccurswith
theverbdamīdan,tobreak:mī-damadṣubḥ(13:1),ṣubḥ-idawlatmī-damad(14:1),and
soon.
B ̄amd ̄adoccursthreetimes,andonceagainintheformbāmdādān,thelatterina
poem(288:1)whichismysticallyinfusedwiththeprimordialsunrise,andavirtually
–andquiteunusuallyfortheghazal–enjambedfirstandsecondlines:

bāmdādānkizikhalvatgah-ikākh-iibdā‛

sham‛-ikhāvarfikanadbarhamaaṭrāfshu‛ā‛

barkishadāyinaazjayb-iufuqcharkhudarān

bi-namāyadrukh-igītībihizārānanvā‛.

Inthemornasthecandleoftheeastcastsitsrays

fromtheseclusionofthepalaceofcreationovereverything

thewheelofheavendrawsoutthemirrorfromthecollarofthehorizon

toshowthefaceoftheearthinitsmyriadforms.

Pag ̄ahoccursonlyonce,asanadjectiveforbāmdād,meaningearlyinthemorning,

anditoccursatthestartoftheonepoemwherewedofindit,settingthetimeand

toneforghazal408:

khunaknasīm-imu‛anbar,shamāma-yidilkhwāh

kidarhavā-yitubarkhāstbāmdād-ipagāh.

Freshthefragrantbreeze,theheartsomeperfume

whichstirredupearlyinthemorn,cravingyourambience.

Sip ̄ıda-dam,likewiseahapaxlegomenonintheḤāfiẓcorpus,occurslaterinthis

samepoemwherewefindpagāh,butaspartofametaphoricalconceitratherthan

apoetictime-frame.

Otherlocutionsdooccur,somebasedonverbs,someonlessfrequentlyappear-

ingnouns,butinthepreponderanceofcases,thesewordsdonotbearsymbolic

weightincreatingamythopoesisforthepoem.Oftentheyaresimplebinaryoppo-

sitions–asinsleep/wakeornight/day–ormetaphorsandsimiles,notmeantto

ḤāfiẓandtheReligionofLoveinClassicalPersianPoetry