second program will award up to thirty grants of ¤fteen hundred dollars each to
support doctoral students who are using their training in a nonacademic setting. The
third program seeks “to match top doctoral students with companies, schools, and
other employers that can offer them ‘meaningful’ positions outside academe.” See
Denise K. Magner, “Finding New Paths for Ph.D.s in the Humanities,” Chronicle of
Higher Education, 16 April 1999, A 16–17.
- See, for example, Brigitte Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna; A Dictator’s Apprentice-
ship, trans. Thomas Thornton (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 62. - See Randal Johnson, “Introduction,” Pierre Bourdieu, The Field of Cultural
Production: Essays on Art and Literature, ed. Randal Johnson (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1993), 7. - Cited by Patrick Healy, “Today’s News,” Chronicle of Higher Education, 20
September 1999, Internet version at http://chronicle.com. - According to the OED, literature (from the Latin littera or letter of the alpha-
bet) as “Literary work or production; the activity or profession of a man of letters;
the realm of letters” was ¤rst used by Samuel Johnson in the Life of Cowley (1779):
“An Author whose pregnancy of imagination and elegance of language have deserv-
edly set high in the ranks of literature.” The more restricted sense of literature, as a
“writing that has claim to consideration on the ground of beauty of form or emo-
tional effect,” does not appear until 1812. Literature in the sense of “the body of books
and writings that treat a particular subject” is ¤rst found in 1860. - Aristotle, On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse, trans. George A. Kennedy
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); Cicero, Brutus, trans. G. L. Hendrickson
(Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, 1952); Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, 4
vols., trans. H. E. Butler (Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, 1921–1922). - Groupe Mu, Rhetorique générale (Paris, 1970).
- Michel Meyer, Questions de rhétorique: langage, raison et séduction (Paris,
1993); Nancy S. Struever, “Rhetoric: Historical and Conceptual Overview,” Encyclo-
pedia of Aesthetics, 4 vols., ed. Michael Kelly, vol. 4 (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1998), 151–55, esp. 155. - Stephen Halliwell, Aristotle’s Poetics, 2nd edition (Chicago: University of Chi-
cago Press, 1998), 44. - Roman Jakobson, “Marginal Notes on the Prose of the Poet Pasternak” (1935),
in Language in Literature, ed. Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy (Cambridge,
MA: Belknap Press, 1987), 301–17. - Stanley Fish, “How Ordinary Is Ordinary Language?” New Literary History 5
(1973), Special issue, “What Is Literature?”: 41–54; rpt. in Fish, Is There a Text in This
Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer-
sity Press, 1980), 97–111. I discuss the problems of this essay in Wittgenstein’s Ladder:
Poetic Language and the Strangeness of the Ordinary (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1996), 54–57, 88–89. - Ludwig Wittgenstein, Zettel, ed. G. E. M. Anscombe and G. H. von Wright,
trans. G. E. M. Anscombe (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), #160, 28. - Aristotle, Poetics, trans. W. Hamilton Fyfe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer-
Notes to Pages 3–10 271