Index^-Elimination—continued
chlorofumaric acid, 195
chloromaleic acid, 195
cinnamic acid dibromide, 205
dibromostilbene, 196
effect of activating groups, 203
orientation, 196
stereospecificity, 194,207
steric effects, 192,198,199,201
v. substitution, 201
eft-Elimination, 194,207
acetates, 207
cyclic transition states in, 208
methyl xanthates, 208
tertiary amine oxides, 209
Elimination reactions, 29, 37, 189-209
Elimination v. substitution, 191,201
effect of change of mechanism, 202
effect of conditions, 201
effect of reagent, 202
effect of structure, 201
El mechanism, 191
effect of structure, 192
orientation in, 201
v.Sjvl, 192,201
E2 mechanism, 190,192-201
effect of structure, 194,199,200
orientation in, 196
stereospecificity, 194
v. SAT2, 201
Energetics of reaction, 30
Eniropy, 31 9
Epoxide, ring-opening, 78
acid-catalysed, 146
base-catalysed, 70,146
Esterification
acid-catalysed, 82,185
sterically hindered, 186
Esters
acidic hydrolysis, 185
basic hydrolysis, 184
conversion to amides, 184
exchange reactions, 184
hydrolysis in H^'O, 35, 67
reduction with LiAlH4) 166
reduction with sodium, 169
steric hindrance in forming, 186
Ethers, cleavage with HI, 74
Ethyl acetoacetate, acidity, 211
Ethyleneimmonium salts, 72
Ethyl orthoformate in aldehyde syn
thesis, 222
Excited state, carbon, 3First order reactions, 59
Ferrocene, 213
Fluoririation, 250
Free energy
of activation, 31
of reaction, 30
Friedel-Crafts reaction
acylation, 111, 118
acylium ions in, 111
alkylation, 109,118
carbonium ions in, 85,109
dealkylation, 110
Lewis acids in, 85,109
polyalkylation, 111, 118
rearrangements, 86,109
with alkenes, 110
„ cyclic anhydrides, 112
„ n-propyl halides, 85,110
Gattermann-KocVreactJon. 112
1,2-Glycols
cis, formation, 145
trans, formation, 146
Glyoxal hydrate, 162
Gomberg-Bachmann reaction, 255
Grignard reagents
addition to carbonyl compounds,
170, 222
nature of, 170
Ground state, carbon, 3
Haloform reaction, 227
hydrolysis, 206
Halogenation, radical, 231,248
aromatic species, 250
propylene, 250
Halogens, radical addition
benzene, 244
olefines, 242
oi-Halogeno-ethers, formation, 164
Heat of hydrogenation
benzene, 11
conjugated dienes, 149
cyclohexene, 11
Hemi-acetals, 163
Hexacene, 254
Hexaphenylethane, 232,233
dissociation, 232
Hofmann elimination, 196
Hofmann reaction of amides, 93
Hybridisation, 3
Hybrids