b.Adaptation theory: This theory defines adaptation
as the adjustment of living matter to other living
things and to environmental conditions. Adapta-
tion is a dynamic or continuously changing
process that effects change and involves interac-
tion and response. Human adaptation occurs on
three levels—internal, social, and physical.
c. Developmental theory: Outlines the process of
growth and development of humans as orderly
and predictable, beginning with conception and
ending with death. The growth and
development of an individual are influenced by
heredity, temperament, emotional and physical
environment, life experiences, and health status.- a.Nursing theories identify and define interrelated
concepts specific to nursing and clearly state the
relation between these concepts.
b.Nursing theories must be logical and use orderly
reasoning and identify relations that are
developed using a logical sequence.
c. Nursing theories must be consistent with the
basic assumptions used in their development.
They should be simple and general.
d.Nursing theories should increase the nursing
profession’s body of knowledge by generating
research and should guide and improve practice. - a.Cultural influences on nursing: Until the past 2
decades, nursing essentially had been considered
“women’s work,” and women were considered
inferior to men. After Nightingale established an
acceptable occupation for educated women and
facilitated improved attitudes toward nursing,
the role of the woman as nurse became more
favorably accepted.
b.Educational influences on nursing: The service
orientation of nursing was the strongest influ-
ence on nursing practice until the 1950s. After
World War II, women increasingly entered the
workforce, became more independent, and
sought higher education. Nursing education
began to focus more on education instead of just
training. In the 1960s, college- and university-
based baccalaureate programs in nursing
increased in number and enrollment, and
master’s and doctoral programs in nursing were
established.
c. Research and publishing in nursing: Beginning
in the 1950s, great advances were made in tech-
nology and medical research; nursing leaders
realized that research about the practice of nurs-
ing was necessary to meet the health needs of
modern society.
d.Improved communication in nursing: Nursing is
based on communication with others—patients,
other healthcare team members, community
members, as well as with nurses practicing in a
variety of specialty settings. Nurses need a
knowledge base and common terminology to use
in communicating with other professionals.
e.Improved autonomy of nursing: Nursing is in
the process of defining its own independent
functions and contributions to healthcare. The
development and use of nursing theory provide
autonomy in the practice of nursing.
4.Answers will vary with student’s experiences.
REFLECTIVE PRACTICE USING CRITICAL
THINKING SKILLS
Sample Answers
1.How might the nurse respond to Ms. Horn’s
concerns regarding the care of her mother?
The nurse should provide Ms. Horn with informa-
tion and practical tips for inserting a nasogastric
tube and checking its patency. After demonstrating
the procedure, the nurse could ask for a return
demonstration from Ms. Horn. The nurse should
also reassure Ms. Horn that assistance will be avail-
able if any problems occur and provide her with the
appropriate resources.
2.What would be a successful outcome for this
patient?
Ms. Horn accurately demonstrates the procedure for
nasogastric tube feedings and states confidence in
her ability to take care of her mother.
3.What intellectual, technical, interpersonal, and/or
ethical/legal competencies are most likely to bring
about the desired outcome?
Intellectual: Knowledge of nasogastric tube feedings
and associated care
Technical: ability to provide technical nursing assis-
tance based on sound scientific rationales to meet
the learning needs of Ms. Horn
Interpersonal: ability to demonstrate empathy and
respect for Ms. Horn and her situation
Ethical/Legal: ability to provide patient education
consistent with the nursing code of ethics and
within the scope of legal practice
4.What resources might be helpful for Ms. Horn?
Reference materials for teaching the procedure for
nasogastric tube feedings, home healthcare services
if applicable.CHAPTER 6
PRACTICING FOR NCLEX
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.c 2.b 3.a 4.b 5.c
6.a 7.b
ALTERNATE-FORMAT QUESTIONS
Multiple Response Questions
1.c, f
2.d, e
3.a, b, e
4.c, e, f
5.b, d, e
6.a, b, d, fCopyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing:332 ANSWER KEY
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