P—Developmental tasks of learning sex differences
and modesty
S—Developmental task of learning physical game
skills
S—Is in Erikson’s industry versus inferiority stage- a.Preembryonic stage: Lasts about 3 weeks; zygote
implants in the uterine wall and has three distinct
cell layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
b.Embryonic stage: fourth through eighth week;
rapid growth and differentiation of the germ cell
layers, all basic organs established, bones ossify,
and human features are recognizable.
c. Fetal stage: 9 weeks to birth; continued growth
and development of all body organs and systems
take place. - a.Gross motor behavior and skills
b.Fine motor behavior and skills
c. Language acquisition
d.Personal and social interaction
5.Sample answers:
a.Infant sleeps, eats, and eliminates easily; smiles
spontaneously; cries in response to significant
needs.
b.Infant is more passive and distant than the
“easy” infant.
c. Infant has volatile and labile responses, often is
restless sleeper, is highly sensitive to noises and
eats poorly. - a.Colic is acute abdominal pain caused by
spasmodic contractions of the intestine during
the first 3 months of life. The nurse should edu-
cate the parents about colic and teach them
measures to help relieve the symptoms.
b.Failure to thrive is a condition thought to be
related to a disturbed interaction between the
infant and the primary caregiver that results in
severely inadequate physiologic development.
Underlying physical causes should be ruled out
first; if the cause is psychosocial, specialized
health interventions are warranted.
c. Sudden infant death syndrome is the sudden,
unexpected death of an infant or young child in
which a postmortem examination fails to reveal
a cause of death. Parents should be aware that
the highest incidence occurs in families who are
poor or live in crowded housing in cold months
of the year during sleep periods. Maternal
health, smoking, and nutrition are being investi-
gated; infants should sleep on their side or back.
d.Child abuse is the intentional, nonaccidental,
physical, or sexual abuse of a child by a parent or
other caregiver. Healthcare professionals must
recognize and report abuse of children and pro-
vide interventions for high-risk families.
7.Sample answers:
a.Toddler: A toddler begins to understand object
permanence, following simple commands, and
anticipating events. The perception of body image
begins, and the toddler uses short sentences. The
nurse should be aware that the toddler may
experience separation anxiety; parents should be
included in the preparation; language should be
clear and simple.
b.Preschooler: A preschooler may have fear of pain
and body mutilation as well as separation anxi-
ety that must be recognized by the nurse. The
child needs much reassurance and parental sup-
port. A preprocedure visit should be scheduled if
possible; allowing the child to practice on a doll
may be helpful.
c. School-aged child: Body image, self-concept, and
sexuality are interrelated. The school-aged child
has well-developed language skills and ability to
store information in long-term memory. The
procedure should be explained clearly and thor-
oughly to child and caregivers.
d.Adolescent and young adult: The adolescent tries
out different roles, personal choices, and beliefs
in the stage called identity versus role confusion.
Self-concept is being stabilized, with the peer
group acting as the influential body. The nurse
should be aware of the adolescent’s need to
understand the procedure and its benefits/risks.
8.Sample answers:
a.Infant: The most important role of the nurse is the
prevention of illness and promotion of wellness
through teaching family members. Teaching may
range from scheduling immunizations to counsel-
ing parents who have a baby born with AIDS.
b.Toddler: The role of the nurse is in wellness pro-
motion, helping caregivers find the means of
helping toddlers through encouraging independ-
ence while setting firm limits. Safety measures
for parents of active toddlers should be taught.
c. Preschooler: Promoting wellness continues for
the preschooler, with emphasis on teaching acci-
dent prevention and safety, infection control,
dental hygiene, and play habits and encouraging
self-esteem.
d.School-aged child: Areas of concern for school-
aged children are traffic, bicycle, and water safety.
Substance abuse teaching should be included, and
communicable conditions should be discussed.
Nurses should work with parents and teachers to
recognize mental health disorders and to encour-
age physical fitness and positive self-identity.
e.Adolescent and young adult: Nurses should edu-
cate adolescents and family members about sub-
stance abuse, motor vehicle accidents, nutrition,
and sex. Nurses and parents should be aware of
the adolescent’s need to belong to a peer group,
be like everyone else, and try on different roles.- a.Prepubescence: Secondary sex characteristics
begin to develop, but the reproductive organs do
not yet function.
b.Pubescence: Secondary sex characteristics
continue to develop, and ova and sperm begin
to be produced by the reproductive organs.
c. Postpubescence: Reproductive functioning and
secondary sex characteristics reach adult maturity.
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