advancedirectives170,204±6,208,217
critically ill patients 198±9, 201±6
MHA 109±11, 162±3, 170, 179±80,
192
context, ethical analysis 153, 154±5
controls assurance 70, 231
Convention on Human Rights and
Biomedicine
advance directives 206
clinical research 254, 266
critically ill patients 201±2, 206
corporate accountability 226±7
cost effectiveness 232, 238, 244±5, 246
criminal justice system 9, 10±11
clinical research 255
consent to treatment 103
negligence 11, 75, 219
critically ill patients, ethical perspective 211
advance directives 217±18
consent 211±14
refusal of treatment 214±17
withdrawing treatment 218±22
criticallyillpatients,legalperspective194±5
babies 195±200
competent adults 202±4
incapacitated adults 204±8
teenagers 200±202
young children 194, 195±200
cultural differences, consent 122±3, 128
damages, negligence cases 81, 83±6, 87
death, euthanasia 11, 218±22
deception, in clinical research 264
Declaration of Helsinki, clinical research
254, 281
conflicts of interest 267
consent 255±6, 257±8
inducements 267
investigator±subject relationship 257±8,
284
placebo controlled trials 260
randomised control trials 259
supervision 283
therapeutic/non-therapeutic dichotomy
253
defensiveness, professional 42±3
deliberation, before consent 126±7
detained patientsseemental health nursing,
detention
diplomas, EU law 7
direct liability 140±42
disciplinary issues
complaints 55
professional regulation 33±4, 37, 42
disclosure of informationseeinformation
disclosure
dispositions, for nursing 28
do not resuscitate orders 203
double effect principle 221±2
duty of care 76±7, 219±20
breach 76, 77±80, 131±3
ethical 90, 94±6
hit-and-run case 143, 153economicpressuresseeresourceconstraints
effectiveness, and clinical governance 232,
238, 242±5, 246
electro-convulsive therapy 2ECT) 163,
165±6, 167, 188, 189
emergency treatment
accident and emergency services 142±4,
152±4, 157
consent 104
precaution±risk balance 135
under s.62 MHA 166±7
employees,publicdisclosureofinformation
16, 145±7, 154±5, 157, 249
employers, vicarious liability 75±6, 139±42
employment law 15±16
empowerment, patient 61, 70±71, 213
epistemology of values 279±80
equal opportunity law 15±16
ethical dimensions, nursing 21±9
ethical principles 25±6
nursing research 279, 280, 284
resource problems 155±6
ethics committees, research 261±3, 267
ethnicity, equal opportunity 15
European Convention on Human Rights
and Fundamental Freedoms 5±6
consent 99, 104
critical illness 194, 197, 199, 201±2,
204, 205±6
pregnant women 108
critically ill patients 194
advance directives 205±6
children 195, 197, 199, 200
incapacitated adults 204, 207
persistent vegetative state 207
teenagers 201±2
detaining patients 5, 180
and scarce resources 195298 Index