reaches common sense conclu-
sions through casuistical dis-
cussiox, 124 :-presupposes a
material upon which the legis-
lator works, 9 ; makes psychology
the basis of politics, 16 ; has no
idea of a nation in the higher
sense! 44; thought that there
could not be a permanent di-
vision between rulers and ruled,
45 ; recognised the attractiveness
of socialistic schemes, 53 ; as-
cribed social evils rather to
human nature than to faulty in-
stitutions, 53 ; had not so wide
a conception of the state as
t’lato, jg ; believed that even
the best state must be limited by
certain conditions, 60 ; his con-
clusion as to the identity of the
state, I 12 ; wavers between two
views of the state. an ideal and
an ordinary, 113 ; his doctrineof
’collective wisdom,’ 129, 130, 131,
142 ; his succession of states,
142 : accepts democracy only as
a necessity, 143 : his view re-
spcctirig the relation of the good
citizen to the good man, 147;
understood the connexion be-
tween the judicial and political
institutions of a country, 182 ;
wcakness of his political philo-
sophy,^240 :-inconsistent in his
statements respecting the origin
of monarchy, 6, 139, 215 :-en-
tertained a prejudice against
money, 30 ; was perplcxed be-
tween its usefulness and its
uselessness, ib. ; did not oh-
serve the advantages of usury,
34; attempts to make a differ-
ence in kind between the legiti-
mate and illegitimate use of ex-
change, 31 :--wishes to discrim-
inate between the artisan and
the household slave,^14 ; thought
slavery just, when based on the
natural superiority ofthe master,
19, 20 :-attributed sex to plants,
4 ; believed that insects, were
verniiparous, ?j :-recognises a
common principle in organic and
inorganic nature, I j ; supposes
throughout nature that the lower
exists for the higher, 36, 33 ;
infers the existence of a superior
and inferior in nature from the
analogy of the soul, 38 :-divides
quantity into continuous and
discrete, I j :-his feeling to.
wards Plato one of respect, 60 :
his criticisms of Plato generally
inaccurate, 42, 55, $6, 6j, 156,
265, 290 ; argues (agalnst Plate)
that political and doinestic rille
differ in kind, 2 ; that there can.
not be a common idea of virtu?,
39 ; that slaves may be converseti
with, 40 ; supposes that crimes
will be more frequent in Plato’s
Republic because relationshipj
will be unknown, 49, 51 ; that
incestuous loves would be per-
mitted, 49 ; that chastity would
be destroyed by communism, gj ;
that danger will arise because
the rulers are always the same,
57; that there could be no in-
dividual happiness in Plato’s
Republic, 58; that the state of
the Laws ’ would be imprac-
ticable, owing to the number of
the citizens, 60 ; that it wouldbe
impossible to manage the t\w
households, 63 ; complains that
Plato has not defined the position
of the lower classes, 58 ; that he
has neglected the question of
foreign policy, 60; that he has
not provided against over-popu-
lation, 62 ; thinks that in the
‘ Laws ’ more space is given to
law than to the constitution,
59 :-feebleness of his criticisms
on the Spartan constitution, 87 ;
appears to assume that Lycurgtis
was the author of all the Spartan
institutions, j8, 81; seems to
have supposed that Lycurgus
lived after the hlessenian Wars,
81; censures the Spartan law-
giver for encouraging ambition
and avarice in his citizens, 5
88; regards the Spartan legis-
lation as pre-Dorian and bor-
rowed from Minos, 89:-aagrees
with Ephorus in his account of
the Cretan constitution, 90 : -
superficial in his criticisms on
Carthage, 95 :-believed that
Solon was the creator of the