- The culture section of the American Sociological Association has the
second largest membership of all sections, and the largest number of graduate
student members. See Erskine and Spalter-Roth (2006). - Givens and Jablonski (1996). A 1996 survey conducted by the Ameri-
can Anthropological Association showed that the number of bachelor of arts
degrees (BAs) in anthropology declined sharply from the mid-1970s into the
1980s. This slide halted by the late 1980s; in 1995, a record number of BAs
(7,555) and PhDs (464) were conferred. Unlike the turnaround at the under-
graduate level, however, PhD figures have remained relatively flat. - On the theme of crisis, see also Borofsky (1994), who outlines what
holds the field of cultural anthropology together and what pulls it apart. He
argues that many factors work against the accumulation of knowledge and
a stable disciplinary identity: disagreements over whether the discipline prop-
erly belongs among the humanities or among the natural sciences; the
postcolonial critique of the discipline; challenges to the notion of culture as
homogenous and stable; and the interdisciplinary orientation of many cul-
tural anthropologists, who turn either toward the humanities (for example,
literary studies) or toward the social sciences (like Marxism and political
economy). - Geertz (1985, 623).
- On disciplinary boundary work, see Gieryn (1994). On anthropology
and disciplinary boundaries, see Lederman (2006). - See, for instance, Keane (2003). Disciplinary questioning about repre-
sentation was also stimulated by postcolonial writers such as Talal Asad (1973). - On multi-sited research, see Martin (1994).
- It should be noted that some authors have proposed syntheses that
combine rational choice theory with other approaches. See, for instance, Hall
and Soskice (2001), as well as Carlsnaes, Risse, and Simmons (2002). - Green and Shapiro (1994) and Shapiro (2005) provide a substantive
critique of rational choice theory as well as an analysis of the changes that it
has brought to the discipline. On the lack of coherence within political sci-
ence, see also Mansfield and Sisson (2004), a volume whose introduction
traces how over the past half century, political science has become increas-
ingly specialized around subfields. Laitin (2004) provides a detailed analysis
of the ways in which coherence has dissipated, as manifested by the lack of
agreed-upon standards in introductory courses, for instance. - Tarrow (2007).
274 / Notes to Pages 87–95