Encyclopedia of Leadership

14.2

SINGLE-LOOP ANDDOUBLE-LOOP LEARNING:

WHEN TOSTAY THECOURSE ANDWHEN TOREEVALUATE

Inspired by Chris Argyris, Donald Schon, and Peter Senge.

There are times when a leader has to make a decision to stick with a prearranged goal, regard-

less of feedback. Alternately, there are times when a goal has to be reassessed in the light of

unanticipated feedback. Knowing when to hold the course and when to readjust goals is a

highly sophisticated leadership skill. Among other things, it involves a leader’s intuition, logic,

self-awareness, courage, and openness to feedback from others. These decisions challenge lead-

ers to think outside the assumptions and limitations they may have unconsciously imposed

upon themselves. This tool provides insight into these difficult decision-making and goal-set-

ting processes.

Single-loop learningassumes that established goals are correct, and aims to optimize the sys-

tem (i.e., the focus is on efficiency). Double-loop learning,also called generative learning,

assumes that established goals can and should be challenged. It aims to ensure that the right

goals are in place (i.e., the focus is on effectiveness). While neither method of learning is nec-

essarily superior, each is applicable in different situations. Single-loop learning works well

when conditions are stable and predictable, whereas double-loop learning is a wise practice in

times of rapid and continuous change.

In the diagram, both single- and double-loop learning start with step ➊, setting goals.

Thereafter, single-loop learning assumes that established goals are correct, and cycles within

steps ➋, ➌, and ➍in order to achieve those goals. Double-loop learning, on the other hand,

assumes that established goals can be challenged and changed. It cycles back to step ➊and

reassesses goals in light of new information (i.e., feedback). Based on revised goals, new action

plans are made, and different actions are taken.

SECTION 14 TOOLS FORLEARNING 431

Double-loop learning

reassesses goals.

‹‹

❷

Plan Action

❶

Set Goals

Single-loop learning

only checks for goal

attainment.

❸

Take Action

››

❹

Assess Feedback

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