TheCorrespondence of Paul and Seneca, mentioned by Jerome (De vir. ill. c. 12) and Augustin
(Ep. ad Maced. 153, al. 54), and often copied, though with many variations, edited by Fabricius,
Cod. Apocr. N. T., and in several editions of Seneca. It consists of eight letters of Seneca and
six of Paul. They are very poor in thought and style, full of errors of chronology and history,
and undoubtedly a forgery. They arose from the correspondence of the moral maxims of Seneca
with those of Paul, which is more apparent than real, and from the desire to recommend the
Stoic philosopher to the esteem of the Christians, or to recommend Christianity to the students
of Seneca and the Stoic philosophy. Paul was protected at Corinth by Seneca’s brother, Gallio
(Acts 18:12–16), and might have become acquainted with the philosopher who committed
suicide at Rome in 65, but there is no trace of such acquaintance. Comp. Amédée Fleury:
Saint-Paul et Sénèque (Paris, 1853, 2 vols.); C. Aubertin: Étude critique sur les rapports supposé
entre Sénèque et Saint-Paul (Par. 1887); F. C. Baur: Seneca und Paulus, 1858 and 1876; Reuss:
art. Seneca in Herzog, vol. XIV. 273 sqq.; Lightfoot: Excursus in Com. on Philippians, pp
268–331; art. Paul and Seneca, in "Westminster Review," Lond. 1880, pp. 309 sqq.
II. Biographical and Critical.
Bishop Pearson (d. 1686): Annales Paulini. Lond. 1688. In the various editions of his works, and
also separately: Annals of St. Paul, transl. with geographical and critical notes. Cambridge,
1825.
Lord Lyttleton (d. 1773): The Conversion and Apostleship of St. Paul. 3d ed. Lond. 1747. Apologetic
as an argument for the truth of Christianity from the personal experience of the author.
Archdeacon William Paley (d. 1805): Horae Paulinae: or The Truth of the Scripture History of
Paul evinced by a comparison of the Epistles which bear his name, with the Acts of the Apostles
and with one another. Lond. 1790 (and subsequent editions). Still valuable for apologetic
purposes.
J. Hemsen: Der Apostel Paulus. Gött. 1830.
Carl Schrader: Der Apostel Paulus. Leipz. 1830-’36. 5 Parts. Rationalistic.
F. Chr. Baur (d. 1860): Paulus, der Apostel Jesu Christi.Tüb. 1845, second ed. by E. Zeller, Leipzig,
1866-’67, in 2 vols. Transl. into English by Allan Menzies. Lond. (Williams & Norgate) 1873
and ’75, 2 vols. This work of the great leader of the philosophico-critical reconstruction of the
Apostolic Age (we may call him the modern Marcion) was preceded by several special treatises
on the Christ-Party in Corinth (1831), on the Pastoral Epistles (1835), on the Epistle to the
Romans (1836), and a Latin programme on Stephen’s address before the Sanhedrin (1829). It
marks an epoch in the literature on Paul and opened new avenues of research. It is the standard
work of the Tübingen school of critics.
Conybeare and Howson: The Life and Epistles of St. Paul. Lond. 1853, 2 vols., and N. York, 1854;
2d ed. Lond. 1856, and later editions; also an abridgment in one vol. A very useful and popular
work, especially on the geography of Paul’s travels. Comp. also Dean Howson: Character of
St. Paul (Lond. 1862; 2d ed. 1864); Scenes from the Life of St. Paul (1867); Metaphors of St.
Paul (1868); The Companions of St. Paul (1871). Most of these books were republished in
America.
Ad. Monod (d. 1856): Saint Paul. Six sermons. See hisSermons, Paris, 1860, vol. II. 121–296. The
same in German and English.
W. F. Besser: Paulus. Leipz. 1861. English transl. by F. Bultmann, with Introduction by J. S.
Howson. Lond. and N. York, 1864.A.D. 1-100.